ABSTRACT
Obesity is more frequent in bipolar disorder. Adipokines are associated with depression and obesity via the inflammatory process. Twenty-six DSM-IV patients with BD and 39 controls were enrolled to assess the relationship between serum leptin and adiponectin with hippocampal volumes. Among patients, there was a significant negative correlation between right hippocampal volume and serum leptin levels. This result sum for the hypothesis of a pro-inflammatory state associated with BD and the prevalent co-morbid obesity.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/blood , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hippocampus/pathology , Leptin/blood , Adipokines/blood , Adiponectin/blood , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Size , Pilot ProjectsABSTRACT
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex, heterogeneous disorders caused by an interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental factors. In an effort to better target the underlying roots of ASD for diagnosis and treatment, efforts to identify reliable biomarkers in genetics, neuroimaging, gene expression, and measures of the body's metabolism are growing. For this article, we review the published studies of potential biomarkers in autism and conclude that while there is increasing promise of finding biomarkers that can help us target treatment, there are none with enough evidence to support routine clinical use unless medical illness is suspected. Promising biomarkers include those for mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and immune function. Genetic clusters are also suggesting the potential for useful biomarkers.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre grau de escolaridade materna e peso de nascimento, considerando-se a hipótese de que a utilização em excesso das tecnologias na área da saúde, assim como a escassez de recursos, pode produzir desfechos similares. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma meta-análise com estudos transversais e de coorte, selecionados por revisão sistemática na base de dados bibliográficos MEDLINE com os descritores: socioeconomic factors; infant, low birth weight; cohort studies; cross-sectional studies. As medidas de sumário de efeito foram obtidas pelo modelo de efeito aleatório, e os seus resultados apresentados por intermédio dos gráficos Forest Plot. O viés de publicação foi analisado pelo Teste de Egger, e a avaliação da qualidade dos estudos utilizou a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. RESULTADOS: A busca inicial encontrou 729 artigos. Destes, foram excluídos 594, após a leitura do título e do resumo; 21, após reuniões de consenso entre os três revisores; 102, após leitura do texto completo; e três, por não possuírem o desfecho adequado. Dos nove artigos finais, 88,8% apresentavam uma qualidade igual ou superior a seis estrelas (Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa), configurando boa qualidade aos estudos. A heterogeneidade dos artigos foi considerada moderada. A escolaridade materna elevada mostrou um efeito protetor de 33% sobre o baixo peso ao nascer, enquanto que o grau médio não apresentou proteção significativa, quando comparados à escolaridade materna baixa. CONCLUSÕES: A hipótese de similaridade entre os graus extremos da distribuição social, traduzidas pelo nível de escolaridade materna, em relação à proporção de baixo peso ao nascer, não foi confirmada.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between maternal education level and birth weight, considering the circumstances in which the excess use of technology in healthcare, as well as the scarcity of these resources, may result in similar outcomes. METHODS: A meta-analysis of cohort and cross-sectional studies was performed; the studies were selected by systematic review in the MEDLINE database using the following key words: socioeconomic factors, infant, low birth weight, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies. The summary measures of effect were obtained by random effect model, and its results were obtained through forest plot graphs. The publication bias was assessed by Eggers test, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess study quality. RESULTS: The initial search found 729 articles. Of these, 594 were excluded after reading the title and abstract; 21, after consensus meetings among the three reviewers; 102, after reading the full text; and three for not having the proper outcome. Of the nine final articles, 88.8% had quality > six stars (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale), showing good quality studies. The heterogeneity of the articles was considered moderate. High maternal education showed a 33% protective effect against low birth weight, whereas medium degree of education showed no significant protection when compared to low maternal education. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis of similarity between the extreme degrees of social distribution, translated by maternal education level in relation to the proportion of low birth weight, was not confirmed.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Educational Status , Infant, Low Birth Weight/physiology , Mothers , Social Class , Biomedical Research/methods , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Models, Statistical , Publication BiasABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between maternal education level and birth weight, considering the circumstances in which the excess use of technology in healthcare, as well as the scarcity of these resources, may result in similar outcomes. METHODS: A meta-analysis of cohort and cross-sectional studies was performed; the studies were selected by systematic review in the MEDLINE database using the following Key**words socioeconomic factors, infant, low birth weight, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies. The summary measures of effect were obtained by random effect model, and its results were obtained through forest plot graphs. The publication bias was assessed by Egger's test, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess study quality. RESULTS: The initial search found 729 articles. Of these, 594 were excluded after reading the title and abstract; 21, after consensus meetings among the three reviewers; 102, after reading the full text; and three for not having the proper outcome. Of the nine final articles, 88.8% had quality ≥ six stars (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale), showing good quality studies. The heterogeneity of the articles was considered moderate. High maternal education showed a 33% protective effect against low birth weight, whereas medium degree of education showed no significant protection when compared to low maternal education. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis of similarity between the extreme degrees of social distribution, translated by maternal education level in relation to the proportion of low birth weight, was not confirmed.
