Effect of statin use in patients with acute coronary syndromes and a serum low-density lipoprotein

We identified 155 patients who were admitted with an acute coronary syndrome and a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level

Sex differences in chest pain in patients with documented coronary artery disease and exercise-induced ischemia: Results from the PIMI study.

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in the pathophysiologic course of coronary artery disease (CAD) are widely recognized, yet accurate diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women remains challenging. METHODS: To determine sex differences in the clinical manifestation of CAD, we studied chest pain reported during daily activities, exercise, and mental stress in 170 men and 26 women. All patients had documented CAD (>50% narrowing in at least 1 major coronary artery or prior myocardial infarction) and all had 1-mm ST-segment depression on treadmill exercise. We collected psychologic test results, serum samples (potassium, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, b-endorphin, and glucose), and cardiac function, sensory threshold, and autonomic function data at specified times before, during, or after exercise and mental stress tests to assess measures of depression, anxiety, and neurohormonal and thermal pain perception. RESULTS: Women reported chest pain more often than men during daily activities (P =.04) and during laboratory mental stressors (P =.01) but not during exercise. Men had lower scores than women on measures of depression, trait anxiety, harm avoidance, and reward dependence (P <.05 for all). Women had significantly lower plasma b-endorphin levels at rest (4.2 +/- 3.9 vs 5.0 +/- 2.5 pmol/L for men, P =.005) and at maximal mental stress (6.4 +/- 5.1 vs 7.4 +/- 3.5 pmol/L for men, P <.01). A higher proportion of women than men had marked pain sensitivity to graded heat stimuli applied to skin (hot pain threshold <41 degrees C, 33% vs 10%, P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results reflect sex differences in the affective and discriminative aspects of pain perception and may help explain sex-related differences in clinical presentations.

Water magnetic relaxation dispersion in biological systems: the contribution of proton exchange and implications for the noninvasive detection of cartilage degradation.

Magnetic relaxation has been used extensively to study and characterize biological tissues. In particular, spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T(1rho)) of water in protein solutions has been demonstrated to be sensitive to macromolecular weight and composition. However, the nature of the contribution from low frequency processes to water relaxation remains unclear. We have examined this problem by studying the water T(1rho) dispersion in peptide solutions ((14)N- and (15)N-labeled), glycosaminoglycan solutions, and samples of bovine articular cartilage before and after proteoglycan degradation. We find in model systems and tissue that hydrogen exchange from NH and OH groups to water dominates the low frequency water T(1rho) dispersion, in the context of the model used to interpret the relaxation data. Further, low frequency dispersion changes are correlated with loss of proteoglycan from the extra-cellular matrix of articular cartilage. This finding has significance for the noninvasive detection of matrix degradation.

Chest pain and the treatment of psychosocial/emotional distress in CAD patients.

Treatment of psychosocial/emotional distress as a strategy for diminishing chest pain in such patients remains entirely unutilized in standard care. Sixty-three patients with known or suspected CAD were entered in an aggressive lifestyle modification program. Patients completed the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL90R) at the diagnostic interview session, at 3 and at 12 months. Statistically significant drops were observed on multiple scales of the SCL90R at both 3 and 12 months. An item from the SCL90R was used as a proxy for angina. Multiple measures of emotional distress at baseline were found to correlate with chest pain at baseline, but not a number of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The chest pain item displayed improvement at both 3 and 12 months. Improvement on all scales of the SCL90R correlated with improvement in chest pain. It may be possible to control chest pain in some CAD patients with psychosocial interventions.

Psychological factors affecting a medical condition: ischemic coronary heart disease.

The criteria for scientific validation of the entities currently subsumed under the DSM-IV category of "Psychological Factors Affecting a Medical Condition" have never been clearly enumerated. Historically, its precursor category ("Psychophysiological Disorder") was rarely used, and predicated upon clinical observation of personality styles among patients with specific physical illnesses, or clinical observations relating psychosocial events and symptom exacerbation. Because of logical flaws with either of these methods, clarification of the most rigorous criteria for demonstrating a cause-effect relationship is necessary. With the increase in well-designed and carefully executed epidemiological and treatment studies, this diagnostic category has evolved into an arena where cutting-edge insights and therapies are becoming available for a growing variety of medical conditions, especially ischemic coronary heart disease. The present article reviews the nature of the scientific evidence necessary to accept an etiological or aggravating role for psychological events.

Long-term assessment of heart rate variability in cardiac transplant recipients.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic reinnervation of the transplanted heart were evaluated by assessing time and frequency domain measurements of heart rate variability at 5 and 8 years. Continuous 24-hour ECG measurements were performed in 13 patients (57 +/- 6 months and 90 +/- 7 months) after orthotopic cardiac transplantation and in 22 healthy age and gender-matched controls, and were analyzed for heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains. Heart rate variability measures reflective of sympathetic reinnervation were sub-normal at 5 years and unchanged at 8 years: those reflective of parasympathetic reinnervation were absent.

Psychosocial and traditional risk factors in early ischaemic heart disease: cross-sectional correlates.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial/emotional distress has been repeatedly found to be a correlate of the onset/aggravation of ischaemic heart disease. METHODS: Eighty-three patients (63 men and 20 women) with known coronary artery disease who entered an aggressive lifestyle modification programme were administered a clinical/demographic history and the Symptom Checklist 90--Revised at baseline. Several measures of social isolation/alienation (shyness/self-consciousness, feeling lonely, feeling abused and overall) were derived from the the Symptom Checklist 90--Revised. RESULTS: Univariate tests of the association of known cardiovascular risk factors and the Symptom Checklist 90--Revised scales with age at initial diagnosis yielded several significant results for history of hypercholesterolaemia (P = 0.018), history of hypertension (P = 0.030), somatization (P = 0.007), obsessive-compulsive (P = 0.009), depression (P = 0.006), anxiety (P = 0.021), hostility (P = 0.003), paranoia (P = 0.050), psychoticism (P = 0.029), the Global Severity Index (P = 0.007), the Positive Symptom Distress Index (P = 0.005), the Positive Symptom Total Score (P = 0.003) and feeling abused (P = 0.037). Only history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolaemia and the hostility scale (overall F = 6.08 and P = 0.0009) emerged as unique correlates of age at initial diagnosis in a multiple regression using only the significant univariate predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors are sufficiently confounded with one another that they lose their predictive value once one is entered in the equation. High scores on the hostility scale were associated with a 5.7 year differential in age at initial diagnosis. The younger a patient is at initial diagnosis, the more likely he/she is to have high levels of emotional distress.

Low hot pain threshold predicts shorter time to exercise-induced angina: results from the psychophysiological investigations of myocardial ischemia (PIMI) study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test whether cutaneous thermal pain thresholds are related to anginal pain perception. BACKGROUND: Few ischemic episodes are associated with angina; symptoms have been related to pain perception thresholds. METHODS: A total of 196 patients with documented coronary artery disease underwent bicycle exercise testing and thermal pain testing. The Marstock test of cutaneous sensory perception was administered at baseline after 30 min of rest on two days and after exercise and mental stress. Resting hot pain thresholds (HPTs) were averaged for the two baseline visits and divided into two groups: 1) average HPT <41 degrees C, and 2) average HPT > or =41 degrees C, to be clearly indicative of abnormal hypersensitivity to noxious heat. RESULTS: Patients with HPT <41 degrees C had significantly shorter time to angina onset on exercise testing than patients with HPT > or =41 degrees C (p < 0.04, log-rank test). Heart rates, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product at peak exercise were not different for the two groups. Resting plasma beta-endorphin levels were significantly higher in the HPT <41 degrees C group (5.9+/-3.7 pmol/liter vs. 4.7+/-2.8 pmol/liter, p = 0.02). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, patients with HPT <41 degrees C had an increased risk of angina (p = 0.03, rate ratio = 2.0). These differences persisted after adjustment for age, gender, depression, anxiety and history of diabetes or hypertension (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of angina and timing of angina onset on an exercise test are related to overall hot pain sensory perception. The mechanism of this relationship requires further study.

Relationship among mental stress-induced ischemia and ischemia during daily life and during exercise: the Psychophysiologic Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia (PIMI) study.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this database study were to determine: 1) the relationship between mental stress-induced ischemia and ischemia during daily life and during exercise; 2) whether patients who exhibited daily life ischemia experienced greater hemodynamic and catecholamine responses to mental or physical stress than patients who did not exhibit daily life ischemia, and 3) whether patients who experienced daily life ischemia could be identified on the basis of laboratory-induced ischemia using mental or exercise stress testing. BACKGROUND: The relationships between mental stress-induced ischemia in the laboratory and ischemia during daily life and during exercise are unclear. METHODS: One hundred ninety-six stable patients with documented coronary disease and a positive exercise test underwent mental stress testing and bicycle exercise testing. Radionuclide ventriculography and electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring were performed during the mental stress and bicycle tests. Patients underwent 48 h of ambulatory ECG monitoring. Hemodynamic and catecholamine responses were obtained during mental stress and bicycle tests. RESULTS: Ischemia (reversible left ventricular dysfunction or ST segment depression > or = 1 mm) developed in 106 of 183 patients (58%) during the mental stress test. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics of patients with, compared with those without, mental stress-induced ischemia. Patients with mental stress ischemia more often had daily life ischemia than patients without mental stress ischemia, but their exercise tests were similar. Patients with daily life ischemia had higher ejection fraction and cardiac output, and lower systemic vascular resistance during mental stress than patients without daily life ischemia. Blood pressure and catecholamine levels at rest and during the mental stress tests were not different in patients with, compared with those without, daily life ischemia. Patients with daily life ischemia had a higher ejection fraction at rest and at peak bicycle exercise compared with patients without daily life ischemia, but there were no other differences in peak hemodynamic or catecholamine responses to exercise. The presence of ST segment depression during routine daily activities was best predicted by ST segment depression during mental or bicycle exercise stress, although ST segment depression was rare during mental stress. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with daily life ischemia exhibit a heightened generalized response to mental stress. ST segment depression in response to mental or exercise stress is more predictive of ST segment depression during routine daily activities than other laboratory-based ischemic markers. Therapeutic management strategies might therefore focus on patients with these physiologic responses to stress and on whether lessening such responses reduces ischemia.

Heterogeneity among cardiac ischemic and anginal responses to exercise, mental stress, and daily life.

The objectives of this study were to compare and contrast indicators of ischemia in a well-characterized group of 196 patients with coronary artery disease, documented angiographically or by verified history of myocardial infarction, and a positive exercise test result. Myocardial ischemia occurs frequently in response to everyday stressors in patients with coronary artery disease. The Psychophysiological Interventions in Myocardial Ischemia study provides a unique opportunity to study neuroendocrine and psychological manifestations of ischemia. Patients with exercise-induced ischemia underwent exercise radionuclide ventriculography and electrocardiographic monitoring and 2 laboratory mental stressors (Speech and Stroop) after being withdrawn from cardiac medications. In addition, 48-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms were recorded during routine daily activities. Patients with a history of angina within the past 3 months reported angina during the bicycle or treadmill test with a much higher frequency than patients without such an anginal history (77% vs 26%). Ejection fraction (EF) responses to the Stroop test were abnormal in 48% of patients with an abnormal EF response to the Speech task, versus 17% in patients with a normal EF response (p <0.01). Seventy-six percent of patients had an abnormal EF response to bicycle exercise. Three indicators of ischemia (ST-segment depression, wall motion abnormality, and EF response) were compared during the same laboratory stressor and across different types of stress tests. Presence of the 3 indicators was only moderately associated during exercise, and only weak or nonsignificant associations occurred among the presence of the 3 ischemic markers during mental stress. Occurrence of the same ischemic markers was moderately associated between the 2 mental stress tasks, but few associations were found between the occurrence of the same ischemic marker during exercise and mental stress. There is a marked heterogeneity of responses to psychological and exercise stress testing using electrocardiography, ambulatory electrocardiography, or radionuclide criteria for ischemia during stress. The heterogeneity may be related to differences in the magnitude or types of physiologic responses provoked and to differences in the sensitivity and specificity of the different tests used to identify ischemia.

Atrial fibrillation after bypass surgery: does the arrhythmia or the characteristics of the patients prolong hospital stay?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine whether prolonged hospital stay associated with atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is attributable to the characteristics of patients who develop this arrhythmia or to the rhythm disturbance itself. DESIGN: An investigation was conducted through a prospective case series. SETTING: Patients were from a single urban teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery between December 1994 and May 1996 were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: No interventions were involved. RESULTS: Of 436 patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery, 101 (23%) developed AF. AF patients were older and more likely to have obstructive lung disease than patients without AF, but both patients with and without AF had similar left ventricular function and extent of coronary disease. ICU and hospital stays were longer in patients with AF. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age, gender, and race, demonstrated that postoperative hospital stay was 9.2+/-5.3 days in patients with AF and 6.4+/-5.3 days in patients without AF (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although AF is strongly associated with advanced age, most of the prolonged hospital stay appears to be attributable to the rhythm itself and not to patient characteristics.

A randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous diltiazem and digoxin for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary bypass graft surgery may result in hypotension, heart failure symptoms, embolic complications, and prolongation in length of hospital stay (LOHS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravenous diltiazem is more effective than digoxin for ventricular rate control in AF after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A secondary end point was to determine whether ventricular rate control with diltiazem reduces postoperative LOHS compared with digoxin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with AF and ventricular rate > 100 beats/min within 7 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomly assigned to receive intravenous therapy with diltiazem (n = 20) or digoxin (n = 20). Efficacy was measured with ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring). Safety was assessed by clinical monitoring and electrocardiographic recording. LOHS was measured from the day of surgery. Data were analyzed with the intention-to-treat principle in all randomly assigned patients. In addition, a separate intention-to-treat analysis was performed excluding patients who spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm. In the analysis of all randomly assigned patients, those who received diltiazem achieved ventricular rate control (> or = 20% decrease in pretreatment ventricular rate) in a mean of 10 +/- 20 (median 2) minutes compared with 352 +/- 312 (median 228) minutes for patients who received digoxin (p < 0.0001). At 2 hours, the proportion of patients who achieved rate control was significantly higher in patients treated with diltiazem (75% vs 35%, p = 0.03). Similarly, at 6 hours, the response rate associated with diltiazem was higher than that in the digoxin group (85% vs 45%, p = 0.02). However, response rates associated with diltiazem and digoxin at 12 and 24 hours were not significantly different. At 24 hours, conversion to sinus rhythm had occurred in 11 of 20 (55%) patients receiving diltiazem and 13 of 20 (65%) patients receiving digoxin (p = 0.75). Results of the analysis of only those patients who remained in AF were similar to those presented above. There was no difference between the diltiazem-treated and digoxin-treated groups in postoperative LOHS (8.6 +/- 2.2 vs 7.7 +/- 2.0 days, respectively, p = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular rate control occurs more rapidly with intravenous diltiazem than digoxin in AF after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. However, 12- and 24-hour response rates and duration of postoperative hospital stay associated with the two drugs are similar.

Five-year follow-up for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms: importance of "denial" in assessing psychosocial risk factors.

The purpose of this study was to test the role of "denial" (spouse/friend minus self-ratings on parallel versions of the same questionnaire) in diluting the predictive value of emotional distress for cardiac events (deaths, new MIs, and/or revascularizations). One hundred forty-four men with no history of prior revascularization who had at least minimally positive diagnostic coronary angiograms, and someone they selected as "someone who knows you well," completed parallel versions of the Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist (KSSFC). They were followed up by phone an average of 59.7 months after recruitment. Length of follow-up, baseline cardiac risk factors, and a number of baseline-obtained psychosocial risk factors were tested as prospective predictors of combined events (death by any cause, new MIs, and/or revascularizations) and current anginal frequency. Only spouse/friend observed anxiety on the KSSFC predicted current anginal frequency (p = 0.001). On the self-report version of the KSSFC, patients with one or more events reported less anger (p = 0.031), depression (p = 0.008), and anxiety (p = 0.003). These results may be attributable to "denial" because there were no differences in spouse/friend ratings, and difference scores (spouse/friend minus patient) on the KSSFC scales, particularly anger, were also related to events: AIAI (p = 0.002); depression (p = 0.063); and anxiety (p = 0.010). Denial may be a major limiting factor in accurately assessing emotional distress in cardiac populations, and may help account for a number of the previous findings.

The Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia (PIMI) study: objective, methods, and variability of measures.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological status and functioning of patients with coronary artery disease in order to clarify their role in the expression of symptoms during myocardial ischemia (MI), and to establish repeatability of responses to mental stress. Design and methods of the study are presented. METHODS: One hundred ninety-six coronary artery disease patients were examined during physical and mental stress tests in four hospitals. Eligibility criteria included narrowing of at least 50% in the diameter of at least one major coronary artery or verified history of myocardial infarction, and evidence of ischemia on an exercise treadmill test. Psychological, biochemical, and autonomic function data were obtained before, during, and after exposure to mental and exercise stressors during 2 or 3 half-days of testing. Ventricular function was assessed by radionuclide ventriculography, and daily ischemia by ambulatory electrocardiography. Sixty patients returned for a short-term mental stress repeatability study. Twenty-nine individuals presumed to be free of coronary disease were also examined to establish reference values for cardiac responses to mental stress. RESULTS: Study participants were 41 to 80 years of age; 83 (42%) had a history of MI, 6 (3%) of congestive heart failure, and 163 (83%) of chest pain; 170 (87%) were men; and 90 (46%) had ischemia accompanied by angina during exercise treadmill testing. Ischemia during ambulatory monitoring was found in 35 of 90 (39%) patients with and 48 of 106 (45%) patients without angina during exercise-provoked ischemia. Intraobserver variability of ejection fraction changes during bicycle exercise and two mental stress tests (Speech and Stroop) was good (kappa = 1.0, .90, and .76, respectively; percent agreement = 100, 97.5, and 93.8%, respectively). Variability of assessed wall motion abnormalities during bicycle exercise was better (kappa, agreement = 85%) than during Speech or Stroop kappa and .57, percent agreement = 70% and 82.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Study design, quality control data, and baseline characteristics of patients enrolled for a clinical study of symptomatic and asymptomatic myocardial ischemia are described. Lower repeatability of reading wall motion abnormalities during mental stress than during exercise may be due to smaller effects on wall motion and lack of an indicator for peak mental stress.

Prognostic significance of myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiography, exercise treadmill testing, and electrocardiogram at rest to predict cardiac events by one year (the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot [ACIP] study)

Myocardial ischemia identified by ambulatory electrocardiography (AECG), exercising treadmill testing, (ETT), or 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest is associated with an adverse prognosis, but the effect of improving these ischemic manifestations by treatment on outcome is unknown. The Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study was a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded study to determine the feasibility of conducting a large-scale prognosis study and to assess the effect of 3 treatment strategies (angina-guided strategy, AECG ischemia-guided strategy, and revascularization strategy) in reducing the manifestations of ischemia as indicated by AECG and ETT. The study cohort for this database study consisted of 496 randomized patients who performed the AECG, ETT, and 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest at both the qualifying and week 12 visits. The effect of modifying ischemia by treatment on the incidence of cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization procedure, or hospitalization for an ischemic event) at 1 year was examined. In the 2 medical treatment groups (n = 328) there was an association between the number of ambulatory electrocardiographic ischemic episodes at the qualifying visit and combined cardiac events at 1 year (p = 0.003). In the AECG ischemia-guided patients there was a trend associating greater reduction in the number of ambulatory electrocardiographic ischemia episodes with a reduced incidence of combined cardiac events (r = -0.15, p = 0.06). In the revascularization strategy patients this association was absent. In the medical treatment patients the exercise duration on the baseline ETT was inversely associated with an adverse prognosis (p = 0.02). The medical treatment strategies only slightly improved the exercise time and the exercise duration remained of prognostic significance. In the revascularization group strategy patients this association was absent. Thus, myocardial ischemia detected by AECG and an abnormal ETT are each independently associated with an adverse cardiac outcome in patients subsequently treated medically.

Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study two-year follow-up: outcomes of patients randomized to initial strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Patients with ischemia during stress testing and ambulatory ECG monitoring have an increased risk of cardiac events, but it is not known whether their prognosis is improved by more aggressive treatment with anti-ischemic drugs or revascularization. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot study randomized 558 such patients who had coronary anatomy suitable for revascularization to three treatment strategies: angina-guided drug therapy (n=183), angina plus ischemia-guided drug therapy (n=183), or revascularization by angioplasty or bypass surgery (n=192). Two years after randomization, the total mortality was 6.6% in the angina-guided strategy, 4.4% in the ischemia-guided strategy, and 1.1% in the revascularization strategy (P<.02). The rate of death or myocardial infarction was 12.1% in the angina-guided strategy, 8.8% in the ischemia-guided strategy, and 4.7% in the revascularization strategy (P<.04). The rate of death, myocardial infarction, or recurrent cardiac hospitalization was 41.8% in the angina-guided strategy, 38.5% in the ischemia-guided strategy, and 23.1% in the revascularization strategy (P<.001). Pairwise testing revealed significant differences between the revascularization and angina-guided strategies for each comparison. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy of initial revascularization appears to improve the prognosis of this population compared with angina-guided medical therapy. A larger long-term study is needed to confirm this benefit and to adequately test the potential of more aggressive drug therapy.

Relation between ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and myocardial perfusion imaging to detect coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia: an ACIP ancillary study. The Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) Investigators.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to explore the relation between markers of ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic (AECG) monitoring and stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). BACKGROUND: Stress myocardial SPECT and AECG monitoring are both utilized in evaluating patients with coronary artery disease. However, information is limited regarding the relation between the presence and extent of ischemia as detected by these two modalities. METHODS: This was an ancillary study of the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) trial. One hundred six patients with previous coronary angiography underwent AECG monitoring and stress SPECT within a close temporal time period. The frequency and duration of ischemia as assessed by AECG monitoring and the total and ischemic stress-induced myocardial perfusion defect sizes as assessed by SPECT were quantified in separate core laboratories. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression analysis were used to determine associations between AECG and SPECT abnormalities with regard to angiographic, demographic and treadmill exercise variables. RESULTS: Seventy-four percent of patients with significant (> or = 50%) coronary artery stenosis had SPECT abnormalities, whereas 61% had ischemia by AECG monitoring. The most important predictors of SPECT abnormalities were severity (p < 0.001) of coronary artery stenosis, followed by total exercise duration (p = 0.016) and patient age (p = 0.04). The only predictor of AECG abnormalities was the presence of ST segment depression on the initial exercise treadmill test (p = 0.021). Only a 50% concordance for normalcy or abnormalcy was observed between the SPECT and AECG results, and no relation was observed between the frequency or duration of AECG ischemia and the quantified total or ischemic myocardial perfusion defect size as assessed by SPECT. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemia as detected by AECG monitoring does not correlate with the presence and extent of ischemia as quantified by stress SPECT. Because these techniques appear to detect different pathophysiologic manifestations of ischemia, they may be complementary in more fully defining the functional significance of coronary artery disease and, in particular, which patients are at highest risk for adverse cardiac events.

Intravenous clofilium for conversion of atrial fibrillation.

Clofilium was administered to 14 patients with mainly chronic atrial fibrillation in a pilot study. QTc prolongation was observed, and 2 patients had conversion to sinus rhythm after drug infusion.