Prophylactic Colchicine After Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: The PAPERS Study.

BACKGROUND: Pericarditis is common after radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVES: Study investigators hypothesized an empirical post-AF ablation treatment protocol with colchicine may reduce the incidence and severity of pericarditis. PAPERS (Post-Ablation PEricarditis Reduction Study) aimed to quantify the risks and benefits associated with prophylactic use of colchicine to prevent pericarditis following AF ablation. METHODS: PAPERS is a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled study. Patients were randomized on the day of the procedure to receive no postprocedure prophylaxis (group A; standard of care arm) or colchicine 0.6 mg orally twice daily for 7 days starting immediately post-procedure (group B; study arm). All participants underwent a follow-up survey at 14 days postoperatively. The primary endpoint was the development of clinical pericarditis within 2 weeks following ablation. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of pericarditis by ablation type and medical therapy. RESULTS: Among 139 patients enrolled, 66 were randomized to standard of care (group A), and 73 patients were randomized to the colchicine arm (group B). The primary outcome of clinical pericarditis was reached in 7 of 66 (10.6%) patients in group A and in 7 of 73 (9.6%) patients in group B (P = 0.84). The rate of gastrointestinal discomfort was 10 of 66 (15%) in group A and 34 of 73 (47%) in group B (P < 0.001). There was an increased incidence of pericarditis in patients who underwent cavotricuspid isthmus ablation (17 of 50; 34%) in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (6 of 69; 8.7%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic colchicine therapy initiated after the ablation procedure in patients with AF did not affect the incidence of post-ablation pericarditis and was associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.

Association between left ventricular ejection fraction post-cardiac resynchronization treatment and subsequent implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can improve left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), it is not known whether a specific level of improvement will predict future implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: CRT-defibrillator (CRT-D) was implanted in 423 patients at 1 institution between October 2, 2001 and January 19, 2007. A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between post-CRT-D LVEF and ICD therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. A landmark population of 270 patients, with post-CRT-D LVEF measured and no ICD therapy within 1 year of device implantation, was followed for subsequent outcomes. Of these, 22 patients (8.2%) had subsequent appropriate ICD therapy over a median follow-up of 1.5 years. The estimated 2-year risk of appropriate ICD therapy is 3.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0%-6.3%), 2.1% (95% CI, 0%-5.0%), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0%-3.9%) for post-CRT-D LVEF of 45%, 50%, and 55%, respectively. In patients with a primary prevention indication for CRT-D, the estimated 2-year risk is 3.3% (95% CI, 0%-7.3%), 2.5% (95% CI, 0%-6.1%), and 1.9% (95% CI, 0%-5.1%) for post-CRT-D LVEF of 45%, 50%, and 55%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: When a CRT responder demonstrates near normalization in LVEF to ≥45%, the incidence of ICD therapy for ventricular arrhythmias becomes low. Future studies are needed to determine whether an ICD is still needed in some of these patients at the time of generator replacement.

Atrial fibrillation ablation using a closed irrigation radiofrequency ablation catheter.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation is an effective therapy for symptomatic, medically refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). Open-irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheters produce transmural lesions at the cost of increased fluid delivery. In vivo models suggest closed-irrigated RF catheters create equivalent lesions, but clinical outcomes are limited. METHODS: A cohort of 195 sequential patients with symptomatic AF underwent stepwise AF ablation (AFA) using a closed-irrigation ablation catheter. Recurrence of AF was monitored and outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Mean age was 59.0 years, 74.9% were male, 56.4% of patients were paroxysmal and mean duration of AF was 5.4 years. Patients had multiple comorbidities including hypertension (76.4%), tobacco abuse (42.1%), diabetes (17.4%), and obesity (mean body mass index 30.8). The median follow-up was 55.8 weeks. Overall event-free survival was 73.6% with one ablation and 77.4% after reablation (reablation rate was 8.7%). Median time to recurrence was 26.9 weeks. AF was more likely to recur in patients being treated with antiarrhythmic therapy at the time of last follow-up (recurrence rate 30.3% with antiarrhythmic drugs, 13.2% without antiarrhythmic drugs; hazard ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-4.4, P = 0.024) and in those with a history of AF greater than 2 years duration (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.9, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Our study represents the largest cohort of patients receiving AFA with closed-irrigation ablation catheters. We demonstrate comparable outcomes to those previously reported in studies of open-irrigation ablation catheters. Given the theoretical benefits of a closed-irrigation system, a large head-to-head comparison using this catheter is warranted.

Craniectomy position affects morris water maze performance and hippocampal cell loss after parasagittal fluid percussion.

Valid and reliable animal models are essential for mechanistic and therapeutic studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, model characterization is a continual and reciprocal process between the experimental laboratory and the clinic. Several excellent experimental models of TBI, including the lateral fluid percussion rat model, are currently in wide use in many neurotrauma laboratories. However, small differences in the position of lateral fluid percussion craniectomy are reported between labs. Additionally, differences in hippocampal cell death have also been reported. Therefore, we hypothesized that small changes in craniectomy position could affect commonly used outcome measures such as vestibulomotor function, Morris water maze (MWM) performance, hippocampal cell loss, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. Four placements were systematically manipulated: rostral, caudal, medial, and lateral. The medial and caudal placements produced significantly greater impairments in the MWM acquisition task over the lateral and rostral placements. The rostral placement produced diffuse cortical damage but little hippocampal cell loss. In contrast, the medial, lateral, and caudal placements produced more mid-dorsally localized cortical damage and significant cell loss in the CA2/CA3 and hilus ipsilateral to the injury site. Furthermore, reactive astrocytosis was more pronounced in the medial, lateral, and caudal placements than in the rostral placement. All craniectomy position groups had similar durations of traumatic unconsciousness and similar impairment on motor tasks. We conclude that small alterations in craniectomy position produce differences in cognitive performance, hippocampal cell loss, and reactive astrocytosis but not in motor performance nor transient unconsciousness.