ABSTRACT
Drowning is potentially fatal. Physiologic responses to aspiration of water differ according to whether the water is salt or fresh; whether these responses are significant depends on the volume of fluid aspirated. Resuscitation efforts should be started at the scene of the accident. Oxygen therapy is essential. Many patients require continuous positive airway pressure or positive end-expiratory pressure to reverse hypoxemia. Physiologic responses induced by ice-water submersion can be protective during the initial insult. The prognosis for submersion injuries is guarded and is influenced by several variables.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/therapy , Drowning/veterinary , Fresh Water , Near Drowning/veterinary , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/veterinary , Resuscitation/veterinary , Seawater , Animals , Body Temperature/physiology , Dogs/physiology , Ice , Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation , Near Drowning/therapy , Oxygen/therapeutic use , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Prognosis , Resuscitation/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalences of and seroconversion rates for FeLV and FIV infection in cats treated for bite wounds and cutaneous abscesses and to evaluate compliance with recommendations to determine the retrovirus infection status of cats at acquisition and 60 days after a high-risk event. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 967 cats from 134 veterinary practices in 30 states. PROCEDURES: Cats with bite wounds or abscesses were evaluated by use of a point-of-care immunoassay for blood-borne FeLV antigen and FIV antibody. Veterinarians were asked to retest cats approximately 60 days later to determine whether seronegative cats had seroconverted after injury. RESULTS: The combined FeLV-FIV status of only 96 (9.9%) cats was known prior to wound treatment. At the time of treatment, 187 (19.3%) cats were seropositive for 1 or both viruses. Age (adult), sex (male), history of cutaneous wounds, and outdoor access were significantly associated with seropositivity. At 73 of 134 (54.5%) veterinary practices, retesting of cats for retrovirus infection status was recommended to owners of 478 cats. Only 64 (13.4%) cats were retested; of these, 3 of 58 (5.2%) cats that were initially seronegative for FIV antibody seroconverted. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A high proportion of cats with abscesses or bite wounds were seropositive for FeLV antigen or FIV antibody. Compliance with recommendations to test cats for retrovirus infection status at acquisition or after treatment for injury was low. The FeLV-FIV infection status of cats with potential fight wounds should be determined at time of treatment and again 60 days later.
Subject(s)
Cat Diseases/virology , Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology , Leukemia Virus, Feline/immunology , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Serologic Tests/veterinary , Veterinary Medicine/standards , Abscess/veterinary , Abscess/virology , Age Factors , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cats , Confidence Intervals , Female , Male , Mass Screening , Odds Ratio , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Sex Factors , Time Factors , United States , Wounds and Injuries/veterinary , Wounds and Injuries/virologyABSTRACT
Hypernatremia is potentially life threatening and is caused by imbalances in water and sodium that occur from either water loss or sodium gain, often in the presence of inadequate water intake. The resultant hyperosmolarity, if acute or severe, can result in rapid shifts of water from the intracellular to extracellular space, causing intracranial hemorrhage and neurologic changes. Correction of hypernatremia through inappropriate fluid therapy can result in even more severe complications, ranging from cerebral edema to coma and death. This article reviews the pathophysiology, causes, classification, treatment, and prognosis of hypernatremia.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/therapy , Hypernatremia/veterinary , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/veterinary , Animals , Diagnosis, Differential , Dog Diseases/etiology , Dogs , Fluid Therapy/adverse effects , Fluid Therapy/methods , Fluid Therapy/veterinary , Hypernatremia/diagnosis , Hypernatremia/etiology , Hypernatremia/therapy , Prognosis , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/diagnosis , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/etiology , Water-Electrolyte Imbalance/therapySubject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Electrocardiography/veterinary , Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial/veterinary , Animals , Dog Diseases/drug therapy , Dog Diseases/physiopathology , Dogs , Electrocardiography/methods , Female , Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial/diagnosis , Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial/drug therapy , Tachycardia, Ectopic Atrial/physiopathology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with survival in dogs with nasal carcinomas that did not receive treatment or received only palliative treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 139 dogs with histologically confirmed nasal carcinomas. PROCEDURES: Medical records, computed tomography images, and biopsy specimens of nasal carcinomas were reviewed. Only dogs that were not treated with radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy and that survived > or = 7 days from the date of diagnosis were included. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival time. Factors potentially associated with survival were compared by use of log-rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Multivariable survival analysis was performed by use of the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: Overall median survival time was 95 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 73 to 113 days; range, 7 to 1,114 days). In dogs with epistaxis, the hazard of dying was 2.3 times that of dogs that did not have epistaxis. Median survival time of 107 dogs with epistaxis was 88 days (95% CI, 65 to 106 days) and that of 32 dogs without epistaxis was 224 days (95% CI, 54 to 467 days). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The prognosis of dogs with untreated nasal carcinomas is poor. Treatment strategies to improve outcome should be pursued.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma/veterinary , Dog Diseases/mortality , Nose Neoplasms/veterinary , Animals , Carcinoma/mortality , Confidence Intervals , Dogs , Epistaxis/mortality , Epistaxis/veterinary , Female , Male , Nose Neoplasms/mortality , Odds Ratio , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the biological behavior of liposarcomas in dogs and identify clinical signs, the effect of treatment on survival time, and potential prognostic factors. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 56 dogs with histologically confirmed liposarcoma. PROCEDURE: Information was obtained on signalment, tumor size, location of the tumor, stage of disease, remission duration, overall survival time, cause of death, type of surgery (incisional biopsy, marginal excision, or wide excision), and any additional treatments given. RESULTS: Surgery consisted of incisional biopsy in 6 dogs, marginal excision in 34, and wide excision in 16. Twenty-five dogs had histologic evidence of tumor cells at the surgical margins and 28 did not (status of the margins was unknown in 3 dogs). Twelve of 43 dogs had local recurrence. Median survival time was 694 days, and the only factor significantly associated with survival time was type of surgery performed. Median survival times were 1,188, 649, and 183 days, respectively, for dogs that underwent wide excision, marginal excision, and incisional biopsy. Factors that were not found to be significantly associated with survival time included tumor size, status of the margins, tumor location, and histologic subtype. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in dogs, liposarcomas are locally invasive neoplasms that rarely metastasize and occur primarily in appendicular or axial locations and that wide excision is preferred to marginal excision when feasible.
