ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In late 2022, a surge of severe S. pyogenes infections was reported in several European countries. This study assessed hospitalizations and disease severity of community-acquired bacterial infections with S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae among children in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany, during the last quarter of 2022 compared to long-term incidences. METHODS: Hospital cases due to bacterial infections between October and December 2022 were collected in a multicenter study (MC) from 59/62 (95%) children's hospitals in NRW and combined with surveillance data (2016-2023) from the national reference laboratories for streptococci, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae. Overall and pathogen-specific incidence rates (IR) from January 2016 to March 2023 were estimated via capture-recapture analyses. Expected annual deaths from the studied pathogens were calculated from national death cause statistics. RESULTS: In the MC study, 153 cases with high overall disease severity were reported with pneumonia being most common (59%, n = 91). IRs of bacterial infections declined at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and massively surged to unprecedented levels in late 2022 and early 2023 (overall hospitalizations 3.5-fold), with S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae as main drivers (18-fold and threefold). Observed deaths during the study period exceeded the expected number for the entire year in NRW by far (7 vs. 0.9). DISCUSSION: The unprecedented peak of bacterial infections and deaths in late 2022 and early 2023 was caused mainly by S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae. Improved precautionary measures are needed to attenuate future outbreaks.
Subject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections , Disease Outbreaks , Humans , Germany/epidemiology , Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Infant , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Female , Male , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Incidence , Infant, Newborn , Streptococcus pyogenesABSTRACT
Preconditioning by volatile anaesthetics is blocked by hyperglycaemia. The regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases during this effect has yet not been investigated. For infarct size measurements, anaesthetized rats were subjected to 25 min coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion. Control animals were not further treated. One group was preconditioned by two 5-min periods of desflurane inhalation (desflurane preconditioning, Des-preconditioning, 1MAC), each followed by 10-min washout. Four groups received glucose 50% in order to achieve blood glucose concentrations between 22.2 and 33.3 mM/l. Glucose infusion started 40 min before ischaemia (early hyperglycaemia, EH) and stopped with the onset of artery occlusion with (EH+Des-preconditioning) or without (EH) preconditioning. The other two groups received glucose during ischaemia (late hyperglycaemia, LH), again with (LH+Des-preconditioning) or without (LH) preconditioning. Additional hearts were excised for Western blot of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Infarct size was reduced from 51.7+/-9.0% in controls to 28.8+/-11.8% after Des-preconditioning (P<0.01 vs Con). Hyperglycaemia alone did not affect infarct size (EH, 51.5+/-9.0%, LH, 44.3+/-16.9%), but EH as well as LH blocked Des-preconditioning (49.1+/-12.3%, P<0.01, 48.1+/-17.6%, P<0.05 vs Des-preconditioning). All three mitogen-activated protein kinases showed a similar time course pattern of phosphorylation in the Des-preconditioning, EH and EH+Des-preconditioning group. Despite the lack of cardioprotection, mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated in hyperglycaemic myocardium. Therefore, it can be assumed that the hyperglycaemic induced blockade of Des-preconditioning is situated downstream or in parallel of these mitogen-activated protein kinases or involves different signal transduction pathways.
