ABSTRACT
The teaching of evolution was the subject of intense controversy in the United States in the first decades of the twentieth century. Both the validity of the theory and its ethical, political and religious implications were in dispute. This article analyzes a magazine intended to popularize science in this context, Evolution: a Journal of Nature (1927-1938). The objective is to demonstrate that the dynamics of the public circulation of knowledge represented by the magazine cannot be reduced to a process of simplification, eliminating details and exceptions of little use to the general public, but rather consisted of a complete adaptation, creatively connecting scientific knowledge to questions of great importance in the public arena.
O ensino de evolução foi objeto de intensa controvérsia nos EUA nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Em disputa, estava não apenas a validade da teoria, mas também a consideração de suas implicações éticas, políticas e religiosas. Este artigo analisa uma revista de popularização científica inserida nesse contexto, a Evolution: a Journal of Nature (1927-1938). O objetivo é demonstrar que a dinâmica de circulação pública do conhecimento representada pela revista não se resumiu a um processo de simplificação, eliminando detalhes e ressalvas pouco úteis ao público não especializado, mas antes consistiu em uma completa adaptação, confrontando criativamente o conhecimento científico com questões de grande importância na arena pública.
Subject(s)
Dissent and Disputes , Knowledge , Biological Evolution , Morals , United StatesABSTRACT
Analisa práticas biométricas e biotipológicas do Gabinete Biométrico da Escola de Educação Física do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, presentes na Revista de Educação Física do Exército nas décadas de 1930 e 1940. Era preciso classificar, controlar periodicamente os resultados dos exercícios e medir aspectos morfológicos dos corpos. As classificações eram feitas segundo modelos estrangeiros, e buscava-se classificar tipo, qualidades e defeitos. A análise das práticas do Gabinete demonstra que biometria e biotipologia foram mobilizadas complementarmente pela educação física, objetivando a normatização dos corpos.
This paper analyzes biometrical and biotypological practices of the Biometric Cabinet of the Escola de Educação Física do Exército (Physical Education School of the Army) in Rio de Janeiro in the 1930s and 1940s, published in Revista de Educação Física do Exército. It was necessary to classify, monitor the results of the exercises periodically and measure morphological aspects of the bodies. The classifications were made in accordance with foreign parameters and an attempt was made to classify by type, quality and defects. The analysis of the practices of the Cabinet shows that biometrics and biotypology were complementary aspects of physical education, aiming at the standardization of bodies.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Physical Education and Training , Biotypology , Biometry/history , Periodicals as Topic , Brazil , Exercise , Race FactorsABSTRACT
This paper analyzes biometrical and biotypological practices of the Biometric Cabinet of the Escola de Educação Física do Exército (Physical Education School of the Army) in Rio de Janeiro in the 1930s and 1940s, published in Revista de Educação Física do Exército. It was necessary to classify, monitor the results of the exercises periodically and measure morphological aspects of the bodies. The classifications were made in accordance with foreign parameters and an attempt was made to classify by type, quality and defects. The analysis of the practices of the Cabinet shows that biometrics and biotypology were complementary aspects of physical education, aiming at the standardization of bodies.
ABSTRACT
This article examines an international controversy over the most visible scientific event of Brazilian physiology in the nineteenth century. In 1881, Brazilian scientist João Baptista Lacerda stated that he had found an efficient antidote to the poison of Brazilian snakes: permanganate of potash (nowadays, potassium permanganate). His findings were given great publicity in Brazil and traveled rapidly around the world. Scientists, especially in France, contradicted Lacerda's claims. They argued that permanganate of potash could not be a genuine antidote to snake bites since it could not neutralize snake venom when diffused in the body. Lacerda turned down such criticism, claiming that clinical observation provided solid evidence for the drug's local action, on the spot surrounding the bite. The controversy over the use of permanganate of potash as an antidote to snake bite illustrates different regimes of proof that could be mobilized in favor of a physiological discovery. (AU)
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Physiology/history , Poisoning , Snake Bites/history , Potassium Permanganate/pharmacology , Potassium Permanganate/therapeutic use , Antivenins/pharmacology , Antivenins/therapeutic use , Antidotes/pharmacology , Antidotes/therapeutic use , BrazilABSTRACT
The article analyzes medical evaluations of athletes conducted in the early years of the São Paulo State Department of Physical Education's (DEF-SP) medical office, founded in 1935 to promote medical supervision of 'exercise and sports' in the state. Through sports medicine supervision, and influenced by eugenicist scientific reasoning, the DEF-SP endeavored to promote more hygienic sports habits that would mold physical types suited for certain modalities of sports. We also observed that in these early years of sports medicine in São Paulo, efforts were made to define the characteristics of a Brazilian physical type.
ABSTRACT
Analisa as avaliações médicas em esportistas nos primeiros anos de funcionamento do gabinete médico do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo (DEF-SP), fundado em 1935 para promover o controle médico das práticas da 'ginástica e dos esportes' no estado. O controle médico-esportivo do DEF-SP tentou ordenar práticas esportivas mais higiênicas, com o fim de definir tipos físicos adequados para determinadas modalidades esportivas. Observa também que nesses primórdios da medicina esportiva em São Paulo, influenciada pelo pensamento científico eugenista, houve a tentativa de caracterização de um tipo físico nacional.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Physical Education and Training/history , History of Medicine , Hygiene , Sports Medicine/history , Sports , Public Health/history , BrazilABSTRACT
Analisa as avaliações médicas em esportistas nos primeiros anos de funcionamento do gabinete médico do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo (DEF-SP), fundado em 1935 para promover o controle médico das práticas da 'ginástica e dos esportes' no estado. O controle médico-esportivo do DEF-SP tentou ordenar práticas esportivas mais higiênicas, com o fim de definir tipos físicos adequados para determinadas modalidades esportivas. Observa também que nesses primórdios da medicina esportiva em São Paulo, influenciada pelo pensamento científico eugenista, houve a tentativa de caracterização de um tipo físico nacional.(AU)
