Explaining recollection without remembering.

Recollection without remembering is a counterintuitive phenomenon that violates a traditional assumption of source memory models-namely, that accurate item memory is a necessary precondition for remembering source details that accompanied an item's presentation. The dual-recollection model explains recollection without remembering as a by-product of the contrasting effects of target and context recollection on item tests versus source tests. We pitted that explanation against 2 others that preserve the traditional assumption, one based on hypothesized testing artifacts and the other derived from multivariate signal detection theory. Our experiments focused on a manipulation that, according to dual-recollection theory, should drive source memory and item memory in opposite directions. In 2 experiments, studied items were tagged with 3 source details (voice gender, taxonomic category, and list), such that either (a) the 3 details were consistent with each other or (b) 1 detail was inconsistent with the other 2. As predicted, source memory was better but item memory was worse when source details were consistent with each other. The recollection without remembering effect was observed in both experiments, and as predicted by dual-recollection theory, it was more robust when item memory was worse than when it was better. A further instance of recollection without remembering was detected that involved distractors rather than presented items. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Reproductive ecology of phorid parasitoids in relation to the head size of leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens Forel.

The leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is one of the most damaging agricultural pests in the Neotropics. Management strategies predominantly rely on the use of general insecticides. What is needed are more species-specific and environmentally friendly options. Parasitioids such as phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) may be one such option, but a greater understanding of the ecology of the flies and their ant hosts is essential to devise biological control strategies. Here we report parasitism rates, ant host size, parasitoid abundance per host and resultant sex ratios of two phorid species Apocephalus attophilus Borgmeier and Eibesfeldtphora tonhascai Brown parasitizing A.sexdens. The two species achieved parasitism rates of 1.48 and 1.46%, respectively and the pupal period was 14.7 ± 1.1 days and 22.1 ± 2.8 days, respectively. There was no significant difference between the head capsule width of ants parasitized by either A. attophilus or E. tonhascai. Likewise, there was no significant effect between the head capsule width of parasitized and unparasitized ants for both species. A significant positive correlation was found between the head capsule width of the parasitized ants and the number of adult parasitoids A. attophilus emerged. Ants parasitized by E. tonhascai survived significantly longer than those parasitized by A. attophilus. There was no significant effect of ant head width on the sex ratio of the offspring of either parasitoid species and no significant difference in the sex ratio (male: female) of their offspring. In summary, these data addressed here are important steps when considering natural enemies for biological control. Studying survival of the parasitized ants, parasitoid offspring sex ratio and host size preference allows for a better understanding of ant natural biological control in the field and can help in rearing of A. attophilus and E. tonhascai in laboratory.

Dual recollection in episodic memory.

In the mainstream memory literature, recollection is conceptualized as a univariate process that involves conscious reinstatement of contextual details that accompanied earlier events. That conception predominates in several domains other than basic memory research-such as cognitive development, cognitive neuroscience, dementia, and forensic interviewing. According to the dual-recollection hypothesis, however, there are 2 distinct forms of recollection: conscious reinstatement of contextual details (context recollection) and conscious reinstatement of target events per se (target recollection). We review existing lines of evidence that favor the dual-recollection hypothesis, and we describe a source-monitoring paradigm with an accompanying model that separates the 2 recollections from each other and from familiarity. Some experiments are reported whose aims were to determine how measures of target and context recollection react to a series of theoretically motivated manipulations and to assess the validity of the modeling tool that supplies those measurements. The manipulations produced a series of single and double dissociations between target recollection, context recollection, and familiarity, and subsequent state-trace analyses revealed that the 3 retrieval processes were jointly independent. Fit analyses showed that the model gave acceptable accounts of the data of all experiments, but that fit was unacceptable when either the target recollection process or the context recollection process was removed from the model.

The two recollections.

Recollection is currently modeled as a univariate retrieval process in which memory probes provoke conscious awareness of contextual details of earlier target presentations. However, that conception cannot explain why some manipulations that increase recollection in recognition experiments suppress false memory in false memory experiments, whereas others increase false memory. Such contrasting effects can be explained if recollection is bivariate-if memory probes can provoke conscious awareness of target items per se, separately from awareness of contextual details, with false memory being suppressed by the former but increased by the latter. Interestingly, these 2 conceptions of recollection have coexisted for some time in different segments of the memory literature. Independent support for the dual-recollection hypothesis is provided by some surprising effects that it predicts, such as release from recollection rejection, false persistence, negative relations between false alarm rates and target remember/know judgments, and recollection without remembering. We implemented the hypothesis in 3 bivariate recollection models, which differ in the degree to which recollection is treated as a discrete or a graded process: a pure multinomial model, a pure signal detection model, and a mixed multinomial/signal detection model. The models were applied to a large corpus of conjoint recognition data, with fits being satisfactory when both recollection processes were present and unsatisfactory when either was deleted. Factor analyses of the models' parameter spaces showed that target and context recollection never loaded on a common factor, and the 3 models converged on the same process loci for the effects of important experimental manipulations. Thus, a variety of results were consistent with bivariate recollection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Markovian Interpretations of Dual Retrieval Processes.

A half-century ago, at the dawn of the all-or-none learning era, Estes showed that finite Markov chains supply a tractable, comprehensive framework for discrete-change data of the sort that he envisioned for shifts in conditioning states in stimulus sampling theory. Shortly thereafter, such data rapidly accumulated in many spheres of human learning and animal conditioning, and Estes' work stimulated vigorous development of Markov models to handle them. A key outcome was that the data of the workhorse paradigms of episodic memory, recognition and recall, proved to be one- and two-stage Markovian, respectively, to close approximations. Subsequently, Markov modeling of recognition and recall all but disappeared from the literature, but it is now reemerging in the wake of dual-process conceptions of episodic memory. In recall, in particular, Markov models are being used to measure two retrieval operations (direct access and reconstruction) and a slave familiarity operation. In the present paper, we develop this family of models and present the requisite machinery for fit evaluation and significance testing. Results are reviewed from selected experiments in which the recall models were used to understand dual memory processes.

Imaging findings of papillary breast lesions: a pictorial review.

The aim of this review is to describe the different imaging appearances of benign and malignant papillary breast lesions on mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging, according to the World Health Organization histopathological classifications. The classification and morphological imaging characteristics of papillary lesions remain challenging for pathologists and radiologists. Despite the difficulty of classifying these lesions, our review and those of others suggest that morphology is associated with clinically meaningful staging and outcome implications. Imaging can help to differentiate the forms of papillary lesion, but surgical specimens are required for definitive diagnosis in the majority of cases.

Dual-retrieval models and neurocognitive impairment.

Advances in dual-retrieval models of recall make it possible to use clinical data to test theoretical hypotheses about mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD), the most common forms of neurocognitive impairment. Hypotheses about the nature of the episodic memory declines in these diseases, about decline versus sparing of specific processes, and about which individuals will become impaired over time can all be rigorously tested. Basic theoretical principles, such as whether recollection and reconstruction are distinct retrieval processes, can also be evaluated. In 3 studies, measurements of recollective retrieval, reconstructive retrieval, and familiarity judgment were extracted from standard clinical instruments, for healthy subjects and for subjects with MCI and AD diagnoses. Differences in reconstructive retrieval consistently distinguished MCI and AD, in nationally representative subject samples as well as in highly educated samples, and recollective retrieval also distinguished them in highly educated samples. Dual-retrieval processes were accurate predictors of future conversion to MCI and AD over periods of 1.5-6 years and were better predictors than the best genetic marker of these conditions (the ε4 allele of the APOE genotype). The standard recollection-deficit account of memory declines in MCI and AD was not supported, but the data were consistent with an alternative account that stresses the increasing importance of reconstruction deficits as older adults convert to these diseases.

Fibromialgia e atividade física: reflexão a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica / Fibromyalgia and physical activity: reflection from a literature review

A Fibromialgia é uma síndrome crônica não inflamatória, de etiologia ainda desconhecida. Apresenta, entre outros sintomas, fadiga excessiva, distúrbios do sono, depressão e cefaleia, além de dores difusas e localizadas em pontos específicos conhecidos como "tender points". A farmacologia é forma de tratamento mais comum, porém os resultados encontrados nesse método parecem ser parcialmente satisfatórios. A prática de atividade física mostra-se uma alternativa de intervenção de baixo custo que pode gerar benefícios no controle dos sintomas da doença, porém, na literatura este método mostra-se fragmentado e pouco acessível aos profissionais da saúde. Objetivo: verificar a relação entre fibromialgia e atividade física, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica. Métodos: foram pesquisadas as bases de dados PEDro, Lilacs, Elsevier, Embase, PubMed, BioMed, Scielo, Acervus, Dedalus, Athena e Cochrane. Resultados: foram selecionados para leitura e fichamento, por relevância ao tema, 34 artigos, 3 teses e 2 dissertações. Conclusões: a prática da atividade física, realizada de forma regular e orientada, diminui os sintomas da fibromialgia, gerando bem estar e qualidade de vida aos pacientes. Porém, são necessários mais estudos que avaliem de modo longitudinal os efeitos do exercício no tratamento dessa síndrome...

Fibromyalgia is a non-inflammatory chronic syndrome of unknown etiology. Presents excessive fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression and headache, diffuse and localized pain at specific points known as "tender points". The pharmacology is most common form of treatment, but the results found in this method appear to be partially satisfactory. The physical activity is shown an alternative low-cost intervention that can generate benefits in controlling the symptoms of the disease. However, the literature shows that this method is fragmented and not easily accessible to health professionals. Objective: To investigate the relationship between fibromyalgia and physical activity, from a literature review point of view. Methods: The databases PEDro, Lilacs, Elsevier, Embase, PubMed, BioMed, SciELO, Collections, Dedalus, Athenaand Cochrane databases were searched. Results: were selected forreading and report for relevance to the topic, 34 articles, three thesisand two dissertations. Conclusions: Physical activity performed on a regular and oriented basis decreases symptoms of fibromyalgia, generating well-being and quality of life for patients. However, it isnecessary more longitudinal studies assessing of effects of exercisein the treatment of this syndrome...

A simetria e transferencia de peso do hemiplegico: relacao dessa condicao com o desempenho de suas atividades funcionais / Symetric and weight-transfer of hemiplegic: its relation with perfomance in hemiplegics functional activities

Um dos comprometimentos motores evidentes na hemiplegia e atendencia em manter-se em posicao de assimetria postural, com distribuicao de peso menor sobre o lado hemiplegico, transferindo o peso corporal para o lado nao afetado. Essa assimetria e dificuldade em transferir o peso para o lado afetado interferem na capacidade de manter o controle postural, impedindo...

Effects of diazepam or haloperidol on convulsion and behavioral responses induced by bilateral electrical stimulation in the medial prefrontal cortex.

1. Effects of diazepam (DZP) or haloperidol (HAL) on convulsions and behavioral responses (locomotion, circling, spying and head shaking) induced by bilateral electrical stimulation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were examined. 2. Male Wistar rats were electrically stimulated (ten 30-sec trains, 60 Hz, 80-100 microA) bilaterally in the mPFC and their behavior was simultaneously observed in an open field in daily session. 3. DZP and HAL dose-response curves (0, 0.5, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min before electrical stimulation session) were determined after a baseline of behavioral responses was established. 4. DZP dose-dependently decreased head shaking and convulsions, had no effect in circling and spying behaviors, and increased locomotion except at the highest dose. HAL reduced locomotion, circling and spying behaviors in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect convulsions or head shaking. 5. These results demonstrated that convulsion and behavioral responses induced by electrical activation of the mPFC were modified by DZP or HAL. Therefore, the mPFC is involved in the mediation of neural and/or behavioral activity that may be implicated in some central effects of psychoactive drugs.