ABSTRACT
With the whole world being affected by the pandemic, it is a matter of great importance that studies about spatial and spatio-temporal aspects of the COVID-19 (Sars-Cov-2) pandemic should be conducted, therefore the main goal of this paper is to present the Global Moran's I and the Local Moran's I used to evaluate spatial association in the number of deaths and infections by COVID-19, and a spatio-temporal Poisson scan statistic used to identify emerging or "alive" clusters of infections by Sars-Cov-2 in space and time. As of January 2021 vaccination against COVID-19 already started, since the use of spatial clustering methods to identify non-vaccinated populations is not new among studies on vaccination coverage strategies, this paper also aims to discuss the implementation of spatial and spatio-temporal clustering methods in early vaccination.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Cluster Analysis , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Spatial Analysis , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , VaccinationABSTRACT
Algorithms can have several purposes in the clinical practice. There are different scales for causality imputation in DILI (Drug-Induced Liver Injury), but the applicability and validity of these for the HILI (Herb-Induced Liver Injury) evaluation is questionable for some scales. The purpose of the study was to determine the clinical and demographic profile of the patients with HILI, and the main algorithmic scales used in its causality assessment. The methodology was a systematic review of articles in English, Spanish, or Portuguese language, from 1979 to 2019, involving humans, with descriptors related to HILI. Qualitative and quantitative statistical analysis were performed. As a result, from a total of 60 articles, 203 HILI reports were selected: 59.9% were women, similar with other studies, and the average age was 45.8 years. Jaundice was the most frequent symptom and regarding the type of lesion, the hepatocellular was the most frequent. In regard to HILI severity, 3.0% were severe and 7.6% were fatal or required liver transplantation. In 72.3% of the cases, the most used algorithm was RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method). The conclusion of the study is that RUCAM was the most used algorithm for causality assessment in HILI. The patients were predominantly female, jaundice was the main symptom, and HILI is reversible in the majority of cases.
Subject(s)
Algorithms , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/diagnosis , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology , Plant Preparations/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Este trabalho tem como objetivo conhecer a duração do aleitamento materno, regime alimentar e fatores associados segundo condições de vida em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Este estudo de prevalência envolve 811 crianças menores de 24 meses. Para analisar os dados utilizou-se análise de sobrevivência, qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística. A duração mediana do aleitamento exclusivo, predominante e total foi de 30,6, 73 e 131,5 dias, respectivamente. Identificou-se que 83,3 por cento das crianças tiveram interrupção precoce do aleitamento exclusivo ou predominante. As crianças de famílias com condições de vida consideradas baixas tinham 2,3 vezes mais chances (IC95 por cento: 1,09-5,01) de consumirem alimentos complementares precocemente; essa chance se elevou para 2,5 (IC95 por cento: 1,20-5,34) entre aquelas de famílias com condições de vida muito baixas. A interrupção precoce do aleitamento exclusivo ou predominante associou-se com a maternidade em idade precoce e as precárias condições de vida das crianças e suas famílias. Programas direcionados à promoção da prática adequada do aleitamento materno e adoção da alimentação saudável na infância devem considerar a relevância dos fatores sociais envolvidos no oferecimento precoce de alimentos complementares à criança.
Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Breast Feeding , Social Conditions , Weaning , Cross-Sectional Studies , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study aimed to identify breastfeeding duration, infant feeding regimes, and factors related to living conditions among 811 children under 24 months of age in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Data were statistically analyzed by survival analysis, Pearson's chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Median duration of exclusive, predominant, and total breastfeeding was 30.6, 73.0, and 131.5 days, respectively. Exclusive or predominant breastfeeding was discontinued in 83.6% of the subjects. Children with poor living conditions were 2.3 times more likely (95%CI: 1.09-5.01) to receive early supplementary food, whereas the figure for the very poor increased to 2.5 (95%CI: 1.20-5.34). Early exclusive or predominant breastfeeding discontinuation was associated with early pregnancy and poor living conditions of the children and their families. Programs directed towards proper breastfeeding and healthy feeding practices in childhood should consider the social factors associated with early introduction of supplementary foods in this population.
Subject(s)
Bottle Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Feeding Behavior , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Postnatal Care , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , Prevalence , Socioeconomic Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1996 to estimate the prevalence of anemia in a stratified sample of 603 preschool children and identify factors associated with the disease. Hemoglobin assays were conducted in finger-prick blood samples using a Hemocue hemoglobinometer. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin below 11.0 g/dl. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the potential associations. Observed anemia prevalence was 46.3%. Associated factors were: the 6-12-month and 12-24-month age brackets, the lowest tertiles for iron density and protein content dietary intake, and any degree of deficit in the height-for-age anthropometric parameter. Inadequate physical, sanitary, and environmental conditions in the home were associated with a significantly increased risk of anemia. Anemia constitutes an important health problem in this study's child population. Improvements in living conditions and dietary quality could contribute to a reduction in anemia prevalence.
Subject(s)
Anemia/epidemiology , Anemia/diagnosis , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diagnosis , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/epidemiology , Body Height , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Epidemiologic Methods , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , SanitationABSTRACT
Este é um estudo transversal, realizado na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, em 1996, envolvendo 603 pré-escolares com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência e identificar os fatores associados à ocorrência da anemia. A concentração da hemoglobina foi determinada utilizando-se o hemoglobinômetro (Hemocue). Níveis de hemoglobina abaixo de 11,0g/dl caracterizaram a anemia. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística para avaliar as associações de interesse. A prevalência da anemia foi de 46,3 por cento. As faixas etárias de 6 a 12 e 12 a 24 meses, a densidade de ferro e a quantidade de proteína, situados no terceiro tercil da distribuição de consumo e quaisquer níveis de inadequação da altura em relação à idade constituíram-se em fatores de risco para a ocorrência da anemia. Inadequadas condições físicas, sanitárias e ambientais do domicilio imprimiram riscos crescentes e significantes na ocorrência da anemia A anemia é um importante problema de saúde nas crianças investigadas. Melhorias das condições de moradia e da qualidade da dieta consumida podem contribuir para diminuir a ocorrência da enfermidade.
