Approach Selection and Surgical Planning in Posterior Cranial Fossa Meningiomas: How I Do It.

Posterior cranial fossa meningiomas represent approximately 9% of all the intracranial meningiomas. Despite the recent reports of radiation therapy in the management of these tumors, surgical resection continues to be the first line of treatment method aiming the permanent meningioma eradication. The evolution of imaging studies improved the preoperative evaluation of meningiomas providing greater anatomical detail of small structures not previously visualized. Nonetheless, the preoperative radiological evaluation should go beyond the differential diagnosis of a posterior fossa tumor. Anatomo-radiological assessment of meningiomas is discussed in detail. Based on our clinical experience, literature review, and case illustration, we highlight important preoperative anatomo-radiological aspects of posterior fossa meningiomas and their implications in the surgical management of these tumors.

Prospective randomized study comparing clinical, functional, and aesthetic results of minipterional and classic pterional craniotomies.

OBJECT The object of this study was to compare the clinical, functional, and aesthetic results of 2 surgical techniques, pterional (PT) and minipterional (MPT) craniotomies, for microsurgical clipping of anterior circulation aneurysms. METHODS Fifty-eight patients with ruptured and unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms were enrolled into a prospective randomized study. The first group included 28 patients who underwent the MPT technique, and the second group comprised 30 patients who underwent the classic PT craniotomy. To evaluate the aesthetic effects, patients were asked to grade on a rule from 0 to 100 the best and the worst aesthetic result. Photographs were also taken, assessed by 2 independent observers, and classified as showing excellent, good, regular, or poor aesthetic results. Furthermore, quantitative radiological assessment (percentage reduction in thickness and volumetric analysis) of the temporal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and skin was performed. Functional outcomes were compared using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Frontal facial palsy, postoperative hemorrhage, cerebrospinal fistula, hydrocephalus, and mortality were also analyzed. RESULTS Demographic and preoperative characteristics were similar in both groups. Satisfaction in terms of aesthetic result was observed in 19 patients (79%) in the MPT group and 13 (52%) in the PT group (p = 0.07). The mean score on the aesthetic rule was 27 in the MPT group and 45.8 in the PT group (p = 0.03). Two independent observers analyzed the patient photos, and the kappa coefficient for the aesthetic results was 0.73. According to these observers, excellent and good results were seen in 21 patients (87%) in the MPT and 12 (48%) in the PT groups. The degree of temporal muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and skin atrophy was 14.9% in the MPT group and 24.3% in the PT group (p = 0.01). Measurements of the temporal muscle revealed 12.7% atrophy in the MPT group and 22% atrophy in the PT group (p = 0.005). The volumetric reduction was 14.6% in the MPT and 24.5% in the PT groups (p = 0.012). Mortality and mRS score were similar in both groups at the 6-month evaluation (p = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Minipterional craniotomy provides clinical results similar to those of the PT technique. Moreover, it provides better cosmetic results. It can be used safely and effectively to surgically treat aneurysms of the anterior circulation instead of the PT approach.

The extracisternal approach in vestibular schwannoma surgery and facial nerve preservation.

The classical surgical technique for the resection of vestibular schwannomas (VS) has emphasized the microsurgical anatomy of cranial nerves. We believe that the focus on preservation of the arachnoid membrane may serve as a safe guide for tumor removal. Method The extracisternal approach is described in detail. We reviewed charts from 120 patients treated with this technique between 2006 and 2012. Surgical results were evaluated based on the extension of resection, tumor relapse, and facial nerve function. Results Overall gross total resection was achieved in 81% of the patients. The overall postoperative facial nerve function House-Brackmann grades I-II at one year was 93%. There was no recurrence in 4.2 years mean follow up. Conclusion The extracisternal technique differs from other surgical descriptions on the treatment of VS by not requiring the identification of the facial nerve, as long as we preserve the arachnoid envelope in the total circumference of the tumor.

The extracisternal approach in vestibular schwannoma surgery and facial nerve preservation / A abordagem extracisternal na cirurgia de schwannoma vestibular e preservação do nervo facial

The classical surgical technique for the resection of vestibular schwannomas (VS) has emphasized the microsurgical anatomy of cranial nerves. We believe that the focus on preservation of the arachnoid membrane may serve as a safe guide for tumor removal. Method The extracisternal approach is described in detail. We reviewed charts from 120 patients treated with this technique between 2006 and 2012. Surgical results were evaluated based on the extension of resection, tumor relapse, and facial nerve function. Results Overall gross total resection was achieved in 81% of the patients. The overall postoperative facial nerve function House-Brackmann grades I-II at one year was 93%. There was no recurrence in 4.2 years mean follow up. Conclusion The extracisternal technique differs from other surgical descriptions on the treatment of VS by not requiring the identification of the facial nerve, as long as we preserve the arachnoid envelope in the total circumference of the tumor. .

A técnica cirúrgica clássica para ressecção de schwannomas vestibulares enfatiza a anatomia microcirúrgica dos nervos cranianos. Acreditamos que o foco na preservação da membrana aracnóide pode servir como parâmetro seguro para a remoção do tumor. Método A abordagem extracisternal é descrita em detalhe. Analisamos o prontuário de 120 pacientes tratados com esta técnica entre 2006 e 2012. Os resultados cirúrgicos foram baseados em extensão de ressecção, recorrência tumoral e função do nervo facial. Resultados Ressecção total foi obtida em 81% dos pacientes. O resultado global da função do nervo facial (House-Brackmann graus I-II) após um ano da cirurgia foi de 93%. Não houve recidiva em um seguimento médio de 4,2 anos. Conclusão A técnica extracisternal difere de outras descrições cirúrgicas no tratamento de schwannoma vestibular pois não requer a identificação do nervo facial, contanto que o plano de aracnóide seja preservado em toda circunferência do tumor. .

Complete motor recovery after acute paraparesis caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: case report.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a relatively rare but potentially disabling disease. Prompt timely surgical management may promote recovery even in severe cases. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a 34-year-old man with a 2-hour history of sudden severe back pain, followed by weakness and numbness over the bilateral lower limbs, progressing to intense paraparesis and anesthesia. A spinal magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed and revealed an anterior epidural hematoma of the thoracic spine. He underwent an emergency decompression laminectomy of the thoracic spine and hematoma evacuation. Just after surgery, his lower extremity movements improved. After 1 week, there was no residual weakness and ambulation without assistance was resumed, with residual paresthesia on the plantar face of both feet. After 5 months, no residual symptoms persisted. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma must be kept in mind in cases of sudden back pain with symptoms of spinal cord compression. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment may result in significant improvement even in severe cases.

The clip-wrap technique in the treatment of intracranial unclippable aneurysms.

UNLABELLED: Fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms are challenging lesions to treat with direct clipping. Treatment of these aneurysms often requires alternative surgical strategies, including extracranial-intracranial bypass, wrapping, or clip-wrap techniques. Nonetheless, these alternatives methods of treatment have been underused and frequently overlooked. OBJECTIVE: To report a series of nine cases of otherwise untreatable aneurysms managed using the clip-wrap technique and discuss its surgical nuances. METHOD: In the last four years, 9 cases of ruptured aneurysms treated by the clip-wrap techniques were identified in the Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine. RESULTS: The aneurysms were located at middle cerebral artery (2), anterior choroidal artery (1), anterior communicating artery (1), carotid ophthalmic (3), posterior cerebral artery (1) and posterior-inferior cerebellar artery (1). Three were dolichoectatic, 4 were unsuitable to complete surgical clipping because parent or efferent vessels arises from the aneurysm sac (1 MCA, 1 AcomA, 1 CO, 1 PICA aneurysms) and two, although ruptured aneurysms, were too small (<2mm) to be directly clipped. No early or late rebleeding was observed after 2 years mean follow-up. One patient deceased due to pulmonary tromboembolism. CONCLUSION: Clip-wrap techniques for the treatment of fusiform and otherwise unclippable aneurysms seem to be safe and it can be associated with a low rate of acute or delayed postoperative complications. It can prevent rebleeding and represents an improvement when compared with the natural history.

The clip-wrap technique in the treatment of intracranial unclippable aneurysms / Técnica de "clip-wrap" no tratamento de aneurismas rotos não clipáveis

Fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms are challenging lesions to treat with direct clipping. Treatment of these aneurysms often requires alternative surgical strategies, including extracranial-intracranial bypass, wrapping, or clip-wrap techniques. Nonetheless, these alternatives methods of treatment have been underused and frequently overlooked. Objective: To report a series of nine cases of otherwise untreatable aneurysms managed using the clip-wrap technique and discuss its surgical nuances. Method: In the last four years, 9 cases of ruptured aneurysms treated by the clip-wrap techniques were identified in the Division of Neurological Surgery, University of São Paulo, School of Medicine. Results: The aneurysms were located at middle cerebral artery (2), anterior choroidal artery (1), anterior communicating artery (1), carotid ophthalmic (3), posterior cerebral artery (1) and posterior-inferior cerebellar artery (1). Three were dolichoectatic, 4 were unsuitable to complete surgical clipping because parent or efferent vessels arises from the aneurysm sac (1 MCA, 1 AcomA, 1 CO, 1 PICA aneurysms) and two, although ruptured aneurysms, were too small (<2mm) to be directly clipped. No early or late rebleeding was observed after 2 years mean follow-up. One patient deceased due to pulmonary tromboembolism. Conclusion: Clip-wrap techniques for the treatment of fusiform and otherwise unclippable aneurysms seem to be safe and it can be associated with a low rate of acute or delayed postoperative complications. It can prevent rebleeding and represents an improvement when compared with the natural history.

Aneurismas fusiformes são lesões de difícil tratamento e frequentemente necessitam de técnicas alternativas de tratamento, incluindo anastomose extra-intracranial ou técnicas de "clip-wrap". Contudo o uso destas técnicas é frequentemente esquecido e negligenciado. Objetivo: Descrever retrospectivamente casuística de nove casos de aneurismas não clipáveis tratados com a técnicas de "clip-wrap" e discutir as nuances cirúrgicas. Resultados: Revisão dos últimos quatro anos da casuística da Divisão de Clínica Neurocirúrgica do HCFMUSP mostrou que 384 casos eram de aneurismas rotos. Destes, 9 eram de aneurismas não clipáveis tratados com a técnica de "clip-wrap". Destes, 2 aneurismas eram de artéria cerebral media, 1 de artéria coroidéia anterior, 1 de artéria comunicante anterior, 3 de artéria oftálmica, 1 de artéria cerebral posterior e 1 de PICA. Três eram lesões ectásicas, 4 não puderam ser completamente clipados devido a relação de aneurismas com vasos eferentes, aferentes ou perfurantes, e dois, apesar de rotos eram pequenos demais para serem clipados (<2,0 mm). Sangramento precoce ou tardio não foram observados, em um seguimento médio de 2 anos. Conclusão: A técnica descrita é segura e está associada com baixa incidência de complicações agudas ou tardias. Ela previne ressangramanto e representa um avanço em relação à história natural destas lesões.

Atypical facial access: an unusually high prevalence of use among patients with skull base tumors treated at 2 centers.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of the unique percentage of skin carcinomas with skull base invasion on the choice of the facial surgical approach. DESIGN: Multi-institutional retrospective analysis of the medical charts of all patients who had undergone oncological craniofacial operations from 1981 to 2005. Data were collected on demographic distribution, location of the primary tumor, histologic type, type of operation, reconstruction, complications, and outcome. Special attention was directed toward the choice of facial approach. SETTING: Two major tertiary care centers. PATIENTS: A total of 484 patients who had undergone major skull base operations. INTERVENTION: Frequency of atypical facial approaches. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Impact on the need for more sophisticated reconstructions and on surgical morbidity. RESULTS: During this 25-year period, 484 patients underwent major skull base operations in the 2 centers; data concerning 467 cases were available for analysis. The median age of the patients was 52.8 years (range, 4-88 years), and the male-female ratio was 1.9:1.0. The initial location of the tumor was the craniofacial skin in 63.5% of cases, ethmoid in 10.8%, maxilla in 2.3%, orbit in 1.9%, and other origins, including endocranial, in 19.4%. The histologic type of the lesions was basal cell carcinoma in 42.0% of cases, squamous cell carcinoma in 29.5%, esthesioneuroblastoma in 5.3%, adenocarcinoma in 3.9%, adenoid cystic carcinoma in 2.8%, and other types in 16.5%. Owing to this high prevalence of advanced skin carcinomas, the most commonly employed facial approach was atypical, tailored to encompass all compromised skin and underlying tissues, in 55.5% of cases, followed by the Weber-Ferguson approach, with all its variations (eg, nasal swing) in 17.8%, lateral rhinotomy in 12.2%, facial translocation in 3.8%, and other facial techniques in 7.7%. No facial approach was required in 1.5% of cases. CONCLUSION: In most situations, head and neck surgeons chose an atypical surgical approach to properly resect all facial structures invaded by very advanced skin cancers.

Double-bladed scalpel: a new option for harvesting margins in head and neck cancers.

BACKGROUND: In advanced head and neck tumors margins are very rarely comprehensively checked by frozen sections. The goal of this study was to analyze a new proposal for harvesting margins using a double-bladed scalpel. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients underwent a comprehensive resection of advanced head and neck tumors with a double-bladed scalpel. Margins were mapped and checked by frozen sections, while tumor resection continued. When positive margins were identified, they were excised again, and checked by frozen sections. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (87%) had clear skin and soft tissue margins at frozen sections. Five patients (13%) had focal skin and soft tissue-positive margins at frozen sections, which were re-excised. Two patients (5%) had skin and soft tissue-positive margins only at permanent sections. One was reoperated and 1 received radiation therapy. The 3-year local control rate was 58%. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, the double-bladed scalpel appeared to be an interesting option for complete intraoperative evaluation of surgical margins of advanced head and neck tumors.

Abscesso cerebelar por nocardia: relato de caso / Cerebellar abscess by Nocardia: a case report

A nocardiose do sistema nervoso central tem alcançado importante destaque no diagnóstico diferencial de patologias tumorais nos últimos anos pelo aumento da incidência de pacientes imunodeficiêntes (pacientes submetidos a quimioterapia, transplante de órgäos ou com a síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida - SIDA. Os autores descrevem o caso de um paciente com SIDA que desenvolveu nocardiose cerebelar na sua forma tumoral. O paciente foi submetido a craniectomia de fossa posterior para diagnóstico e tratamento. Os achados de neuroimagem e patológicos bem como a conduta cirúrgica säo discutidos com base em revisäo da literatura

Tumores vasculares do ângulo pontocerebelar: relato de 2 casos e revisäo da literatura / Vascular tumors of the cerebellopontine angle: report of 2 cases and review of the literature

Os autores relatam 2 pacientes portadores de tumores de origem vascular situados na regiao do ângulo pontocerebelar. O primeiro paciente era portador de hemangioma do cavo de Meckel com extensao para o ângulo ponto cerebelar, cuja sintomatologia predominante era hipoestesia em território do nervo trigêmeo. O segundo tratava-se de um paciente portador de hemangioendotelioma localizado próximo ao meato acústico interno, cujos sintomas relacionavam-se à disfunçao dos nervos coclear e facial. Ambos foram totalmente removidos através de acesso retromastóideo e técnica microneurocirúrgica. Os tumores vasculares sao raros nesta regiao e constituem importante diagnóstico diferencial com os tumores mais comuns como o neurinoma e o meningioma. É apresentada revisao da literatura sobre o tema, com ênfase maior nos aspectos clínicos e diagnósticos.