Extensive right-sided infectious endocarditis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a rare cause of infectious endocarditis. Most cases have an acute and aggressive evolution, with a high mortality rate. We report the case of a 36-year-old man, with a history of unrepaired ventricular septal defect, who came to the emergency department with fever, cough and asthenia with 3 months of evolution. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae Echocardiogram showed large vegetation on septum, free wall and outflow tract of the right ventricle. Thoracic CT revealed septic pulmonary embolism. Antimicrobial therapy and surgical treatment was performed and the patient presented a favourable evolution.

[Glomerular filtration rate: which formula should be used in patients with myocardial infarction?]. / Taxa de filtração glomerular: que fórmula deverá ser usada em doentes com enfarte agudo do miocárdio?

INTRODUCTION: There is disagreement regarding the best method for assessing renal dysfunction in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). This study aims to compare two commonly used formulas for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Cockcroft-Gault [CG] and modification of diet in renal disease [MDRD]) in terms of predicting extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) and short- and long-term cardiovascular risk. METHODS: We studied 452 patients admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit (ICU) with MI (age 69.01±13.64 years; 61.7% male, 38.5% diabetic) and followed for two years. CG and MDRD GFR estimates were compared in terms of prediction of CAD extent, in-hospital mortality risk and cardiovascular risk during follow-up. RESULTS: GFR <60ml/min/1.73 m(2) using the MDRD formula was associated with a tendency for more extensive CAD (2.70 affected segments vs. 2.20, p=0.052) and higher two-year mortality risk (p<0.001, OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.04-7.22) and risk for reinfarction (p<0.001, OR 4.09, 95% CI 2.00-8.39), decompensated heart failure (DHF) (p<0.001, OR 3.95, 95% CI 2.04-7.66) and combined cardiovascular endpoints (p=0.001, OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.47-4.17). Using the CG formula, GFR<60ml/min/1.73 m(2) only predicted higher risk for DHF (p=0.016, OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.11-16.57), despite a tendency for more overall combined cardiovascular endpoints (p=0.09, OR 2.84). Both formulas predicted in-hospital mortality. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the value of GFR in predicting various cardiovascular endpoints in patients with MI. Compared to the CG formula, the MDRD formula was significantly more accurate in predicting the severity of CAD and two-year CV risk in patients admitted to the ICU with MI.

Mitral regurgitation during a myocardial infarction--new predictors and prognostic significance at two years of follow-up.

AIMS: Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation (MR) has early prognostic impact in Myocardial Infarction (MI). Its medium-term importance, especially of mild MR, has not been established. PURPOSE: to determine new clinical/analytical predictors of MR in MI-patients and establish its prognostic value during two-year follow-up [endpoints: mortality, decompensated heart failure (dHF)]. METHODS AND RESULTS: 796 patients admitted for MI (age 68.8±13.4, 63.2% males, 44.6% STEMI). DATA: Admission analytical study, risk scores, coronariography, pre-discharge echocardiogram. Patients followed for two years. Clinical/analytical predictors of pre-discharge MR assessed. Predictive model for presence of pre-discharge MR included GRACE for intra-hospital mortality [IHM](OR=1.008, p<0.001), glomerular filtration rate (GFR)[OR=0.993, p=0.048], admission haemoglobin (OR=0.84, p=0.003). In univariate analysis, moderate-severe MR predicted 2-year mortality (OR=3.32, p<0.001), but not dHF. Two year mortality rate was proportional to severity of pre-discharge MR. Mild MR (vs. no MR) associated with higher risk for 2-year mortality (OR=2.04, p=0.014) and re-admission for dHF (OR=2.55, p=0.001). Predictive model for 2-year mortality included MR severity (OR=1.42, p=0.033) and GRACE for IHM (OR=1.023, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: GRACE score for IHM, GFR and admission haemoglobin independently predicted risk for pre-discharge MR. MR, including its milder form, was an independent predictor of 2-year mortality, adding prognostic power to GRACE score.

Importance of Manchester Triage in acute myocardial infarction: impact on prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Fast and effective diagnosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Emergency Department (ED) is needed. Manchester Triage (MT) is based on identification of the patient's main complaint, establishing, through decision flowcharts, a target-time for first observation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of MT on short-term mortality in AMI and detect potential improvements, and to analyse high-risk groups: diabetic patients, women and older patients. METHODS: 332 consecutive patients (69.0+13.6 years mean age; 34.9% women) with final diagnosis of AMI were assessed in the ED using MT. Data were analysed according to demographics and risk groups, as well as several AMI parameters, admission duration and intrahospital mortality (IHM). Independent predictors of mortality were determined. RESULTS: 82.8% of patients met the ideal goal of ≤10 min target-time for a first observation (ITTFO). This was higher (95%) in typical presentations ('chest pain'), versus 52% in other flowcharts; p<0.01. Patients ≥70 years old were less frequently screened with ITTFO ≤10 min (76.2% vs 90.0% in those under 70; p=0.001) or the 'chest pain' flowchart (66.9% vs 77.5%; p=0.031). IHM was 13.3%. Triage with ≤10 min ITTFO and the 'chest pain' algorithm seems to predict a lower mortality (0.33 OR; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.63; p=0.0005 and 0.49 OR; 95% CI 0.24 to 1.03; p=0.056). CONCLUSION: MT proved to be an effective system. Patients with typical AMI presentation, ST elevation myocardial infarction and less than 70 years old are protected by MT, with lower ITTFO and better short-term survival.

Screening for warning signs of sudden cardiac death in the young: the SCD-SOS questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the most common causes of death in the young. It may be preceded by "red flags", but screening for these warning signs is not routinely performed. OBJECTIVE: To test a new questionnaire for fast clinical assessment of possible warning signs of serious heart disease in a young population. METHODS: We studied a population of 1472 university students and hospital employees (mean age 22.3 +/- 5.9 years; maximum age 40 years; 56.5% women), using a rapid-response questionnaire, evaluating major cardiac symptoms, past pathological and family history and medication: the Sudden Cardiac Death-Screening of Risk Factors (SCD-SOS) questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis and comparison of quantitative and nominal variables were performed using SPSS version 16.0. RESULTS: Of the questionnaires, 0.3% were blank and 3.5% had 1 to 3 missing answers (of a total of 8); 42.5% had no previous cardiac complaints, 27.8% had previous syncope and 24.5% chest pain; palpitations were reported by 23.5%, cardiac murmur by 5.9%, epilepsy or antiepileptic drugs by 1.6%, cardiovascular medication by 1.4% and family history of cardiac disease by 3.3%. A history of sudden unexplained or cardiovascular death in first- or second-degree family members was reported by 2.0%. Full analysis of the questionnaires identified 69 participants (4.7%) with at least one warning sign indicating need for cardiological evaluation, among whom 17 had two warning signs and three had three. CONCLUSIONS: SCD-SOS detected some cases requiring careful examination by a cardiologist. It could, however, be improved in some respects (characterization of chest pain, palpitations and family history of heart disease), in order to clearly identify possible high-risk patients. Applying this questionnaire together with an ECG may be a better way of risk stratifying this population.