Intrauterine protein restriction combined with early postnatal overfeeding was not associated with adult-onset obesity but produced glucose intolerance by pancreatic dysfunction.

We investigated if whether intrauterine protein restriction in combination with overfeeding during lactation would cause adult-onset obesity and metabolic disorders. After birth, litters from dams fed with control (17% protein) and low protein (6% protein) diets were adjusted to a size of four (CO and LO groups, respectively) or eight (CC and LC groups, respectively) pups. All of the offspring were fed a diet containing 12% protein from the time of weaning until they were 90 d old. Compared to the CC and LC groups, the CO and LO groups had higher relative and absolute food intakes, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production; lower brown adipose tissue weight and lipid content and greater weight gain and absolute and relative white adipose tissue weight and absolute lipid content. Compared with the CO and CC rats, the LC and LO rats exhibited higher relative food intake, brown adipose tissue weight and lipid content, reduced oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and spontaneous activity, increased relative retroperitoneal adipose tissue weight and unaltered absolute white adipose tissue weight and lipid content. The fasting serum glucose was similar among the groups. The area under the glucose curve was higher in the LO and CO rats than in the LC and CC rats. The basal insulinemia and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were lower in the LO group than in the other groups. The total area under the insulin curve for the LO rats was similar to the CC rats, and both were lower than the CO and LC rats. Kitt was higher in the LO, LC and CO groups than in the CC group. Thus, intrauterine protein restriction followed by overfeeding during lactation did not induce obesity, but produced glucose intolerance by impairing pancreatic function in adulthood.

A soyabean diet does not modify the activity of brown adipose tissue but alters the rate of lipolysis in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue of male rats recovering from early-life malnutrition.

Nutritional recovery with a soyabean diet decreases body and fat weights when compared with a casein diet. We investigated whether the reduced adiposity observed in rats recovering from early-life malnutrition with a soyabean diet results from alterations in lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT) and/or brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male rats from mothers fed either 17 or 6 % protein during pregnancy and lactation were maintained on 17 % casein (CC and LC groups), 17 % soyabean (CS and LS groups) or 6 % casein (LL group) diets over 60 d. The rats maintained on a soyabean diet had similar relative food intakes, but lower body and retroperitoneal WAT weights and a reduced lipid content in the retroperitoneal WAT. The insulin levels were lower in the recovered rats and were elevated in those fed a soyabean diet. Serum T3 concentration and uncoupling protein 1 content in the BAT were decreased in the recovered rats. The thermogenic capacity of the BAT was not affected by the soyabean diet. The lipogenesis rate in the retroperitoneal WAT was similar in all of the groups except for the LL group, which had exacerbated lipogenesis. The enhancement of the lipolysis rate by isoproterenol was decreased in white adipocytes from the soyabean-recovered rats and was elevated in adipocytes from the soyabean-control rats. Thus, in animals maintained on a soyabean diet, the proportions of fat deposits are determined by the lipolysis rate, which differs depending on the previous nutritional status.

Efeitos da quitosana sobre alguns parâmetros nutricionais e bioquímicos em ratos / Effects of chitosan over some nutritional and biochemical parameters in rats

The recommendation for a larger intake of food fiber has been an important strategy for the control and prevention of obesity and its co-morbidities. Chitosan, an animal fiber, has been related to the reduction of fat uptake by the intestine, serum cholesterol and glucose, as well as appetite inhibition and weight loss. This study evaluated the effects of consuming powdered chitosan on some nutritional and biochemical parameters in adult female rats. Adult female Wistar rats (n=14) were divided in control group (GC): fed a diet based on casein and microcrystaline cellulose (AIN 93 G) for 10 days; and chitosan group(GQ): fed a diet based on casein and powdered chitosan (5%) substituting microcrystalline cellulose for 10 days. No differences were observed I the food intake, evolution of the body weight, liver weight, fat depots in the abdomen and in the carcass. Also, there were no differences in the glucose and total protein serum concentrations or in the lipid profile.The GQ presented smaller stomach and intestine (with contents) weights.However, these findings are insufficient to suggest any effect on saciety since no difference was observed in the food intake between the groups

El aumento de la ingestión de fibra alimentar ha sido una importante estrategia para el control de la obesidad y sus comorbidades. La quitosana,una fibra de origen animal, está siendo responsabilizada por reducir la absorción de grasas a nivel intestinal, disminución del colesterol y la glucosa séricos y también por la inhibición del apetito y reducción del peso corporal. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la incorporación de quitosana en polvo, en dietade ratas adultas, sobre algunos parâmetros nutricionales y bioquímicos. Ratas Wistar (n=14) fueron divididas en grupo control (GC), raciónAIN-93G, a base de caseína y celulosa microcristalina (5%) y grupo quitosana e (GQ),ración AIN-93G y quitosana en polvo (5%) em substitución de la celulosa micro cristalina, por10 días. No se observaron diferencias en el consumo alimentar ni en la evolución de los pesos corporal o del hígado, de los depósitos de grasa abdominal y de la carcasa, ni tampoco en las concentraciones séricas de glucosa,proteínas totales y perfil lipídico. Sin embargo, el grupo GQ presentó menores pesos de estómago e intestino delgado (con su contenido). No obstante, estos resultados son insuficientes para deducir algún efecto en la saciedade considerando que no se observó diferencia en el consumo de ración de los grupos

O maior consumo de fibra alimentar tem sido uma das importantes estratégias para o controle e prevenção da obesidade e suas co-morbidades. A quitosana, fibra de origem animal, vem sendo relacionada à redução da absorção de gorduras em nível intestinal, do colesterol e glicose séricos e, também, com inibição do apetite e redução de peso corporal. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do uso de quitosana em pó, na ração de ratas adultas, sobre alguns parâmetros nutricionais e bioquímicos. Ratas Wistar adultas (n=14) foram divididas em grupo controle (GC): ração AIN-93G, à base de caseína e celulose microcristalina (5%) e grupo quitosana (GQ): dieta AIN-93G e quitosana em pó (5%), em substituição à celulose microcristalina, por 10 dias. Não se observaram diferenças no consumo alimentar, na evolução do peso corporal, do fígado, dos depósitos de gordura abdominal e da carcaça, e, nem tampouco nas concentrações séricas de glicose, proteínas totais e no perfil lipídico. O GQ apresentou menor peso do estômago e do intestino delgado (com conteúdo) sendo, entretanto esses resultados, insuficientes para inferir sobre algum efeito na saciedade, tendo em vista que não foi observada diferença no consumo de ração entre os grupos

Glutamine alone or combined with short-chain fatty acids fails to enhance gut adaptation after massive enterectomy in rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of oral glutamine alone or combined with short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestinal adaptation of rats submitted to an massive enterectomy. METHODS: After receiving 70% small bowel resection, 30 Wistar rats were randomized to received either standard rat chow (control group, n=10) or the same diet supplemented with 3,05% of glutamine alone (glutamine group, n=10) or combined with a solution containing SCFA (glutamine+SCFA group, n=10). Animals were killed on the 14th postoperative day. Mucosal weight, crypt depth, villus height, wall width, and the mucosal content of DNA, were assessed in basal conditions (resected gut specimen) and compared to the small bowel specimen collected on the postoperative day 14, at both jejunum and ileum sites. RESULTS: All groups presented similar pattern in weight evolution. In all groups, both the morphological findings and the DNA content were significantly higher at the end of the experiment than in basal conditions, at both the jejunum and ileum. Except for the jejunum wall width that was higher in control group (808+/-95 micro) than in the other two groups (glutamine = 649+/-88 micro and glutamine+SCFA = 656+/-92; p<0.01), there was no difference among them in all variables at both intestinal sites after 14 days. CONCLUSION: All groups presented adaptation of the intestinal mucosa in the remnant gut. Glutamine combined or not with short chain fatty acids fails to influence the adaptive response of the small bowel.

Glutamine alone or combined with short-chain fatty acids fails to enhance gut adaptation after massive enterectomy in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of oral glutamine alone or combined with short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestinal adaptation of rats submitted to an massive enterectomy. METHODS: After receiving 70 percent small bowel resection, 30 Wistar rats were randomized to received either standard rat chow (control group, n=10) or the same diet supplemented with 3,05 percent of glutamine alone (glutamine group, n=10) or combined with a solution containing SCFA (glutamine+SCFA group, n=10). Animals were killed on the 14th postoperative day. Mucosal weight, crypt depth, villus height, wall width, and the mucosal content of DNA, were assessed in basal conditions (resected gut specimen) and compared to the small bowel specimen collected on the postoperative day 14, at both jejunum and ileum sites. RESULTS: All groups presented similar pattern in weight evolution. In all groups, both the morphological findings and the DNA content were significantly higher at the end of the experiment than in basal conditions, at both the jejunum and ileum. Except for the jejunum wall width that was higher in control group (808±95 æ) than in the other two groups (glutamine = 649±88 æ and glutamine+SCFA = 656±92; p<0.01), there was no difference among them in all variables at both intestinal sites after 14 days. CONCLUSION: All groups presented adaptation of the intestinal mucosa in the remnant gut. Glutamine combined or not with short chain fatty acids fails to influence the adaptive response of the small bowel.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da glutamina oral isolada ou associada a ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (SCFA) na adaptação intestinal de ratos submetidos a resseção extensa. MÉTODOS: Após ressecção de 70 por cento do intestino delgado, 30 ratos Wistar foram randomizados para receber uma dieta padrão (grupo controle, n=10) ou a mesma dieta suplementada com 3,05 por cento de glutamina (grupo glutamina, n=10) ou combinada com SCFA (grupo glutamina+SCFA, n=10). Os animais foram sacrificados no 14° dia de PO. Foram estudados: peso da mucosa, profundidade da cripta, altura do vilo, espessura da parede e conteúdo de DNA no jejuno e no íleo, em condição basal e no dia do sacrifício. RESULTADOS: O peso evoluiu da mesma forma nos 3 grupos. No final do experimento todos os parâmetros morfológicos e o DNA aumentarem significantemente. Com exceção a espessura da parede do jejuno que foi mais alta no grupo controle (808±95 æ) que nos outros dois grupos (glutamina = 649±88 æ e glutamina+SCFA = 656±92; p<0.01), não houve diferença entre os grupos em todas as variáveis no 14° dia. CONCLUSÃO: A adaptação intestinal ocorreu em todos os grupos. Glutamina isolada ou associada a SCFA não influencia a resposta adaptativa do intestino delgado.