Neuroanatomical differentiation associated with alternative reproductive tactics in male arid land bees, Centris pallida and Amegilla dawsoni.

Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) occur when there is categorical variation in the reproductive strategies of a sex within a population. These different behavioral phenotypes can expose animals to distinct cognitive challenges, which may be addressed through neuroanatomical differentiation. The dramatic phenotypic plasticity underlying ARTs provides a powerful opportunity to study how intraspecific nervous system variation can support distinct cognitive abilities. We hypothesized that conspecific animals pursuing ARTs would exhibit dissimilar brain architecture. Dimorphic males of the bee species Centris pallida and Amegilla dawsoni use alternative mate location strategies that rely primarily on either olfaction (large-morph) or vision (small-morph) to find females. This variation in behavior led us to predict increased volumes of the brain regions supporting their primarily chemosensory or visual mate location strategies. Large-morph males relying mainly on olfaction had relatively larger antennal lobes and relatively smaller optic lobes than small-morph males relying primarily on visual cues. In both species, as relative volumes of the optic lobe increased, the relative volume of the antennal lobe decreased. In addition, A. dawsoni large males had relatively larger mushroom body lips, which process olfactory inputs. Our results suggest that the divergent behavioral strategies in ART systems can be associated with neuroanatomical differentiation.

The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ).

Trait mindfulness appears to be related to lower levels of negative affective symptoms, but it remains uncertain which facets of mindfulness are most important in this relationship. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis examined studies reporting correlations between affective symptoms and trait mindfulness as assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. A comprehensive search yielded 148 eligible studies, comprising 157 distinct samples and 44,075 participants. The weighted mean correlation for affective symptoms and overall trait mindfulness was r = -0.53. Among mindfulness facets, Nonjudge (r = -0.48) and Act with Awareness (r = -0.47) demonstrated the largest correlations, followed by Nonreact (r = -0.33) and Describe (r = -0.29). Observe was not significantly correlated with affective symptoms. No significant differences in the strength of correlations were found between anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, though symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder exhibited a weaker negative relationship with the Describe facet compared to PTSD symptoms. Describe also showed a stronger relationship with affective symptoms in Eastern samples compared to Western samples, whereas Western samples had a stronger relationship with Nonjudge. These results provide insight into the nature of the association between trait mindfulness and negative affect.

Comparing the efficacy of benzodiazepines and serotonergic anti-depressants for adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic review.

INTRODUCTION: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common form of anxiety disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and benzodiazepines (BZs) are the most commonly prescribed medications for GAD, but little is known about the relative efficacy of these pharmacological treatments. Areas covered: This study provides a meta-analytic review of the efficacy of these medications in the treatment of adults with GAD. A comprehensive literature search yielded 54 articles reporting 56 unique studies with 12,655 participants treated with either pill placebo (6,191 participants), SSRIs (16 trials, 2,712 participants), SNRIs (17 trials, 2,603 participants), or BZs (23 trials, 1,149 participants). The overall combined effect size was modest to moderate (Hedges' g = 0.37, p < 0.0001). Effect sizes decreased significantly over time. SSRIs (Hedges' g = 0.33) and SNRIs (Hedges' g = 0.36) demonstrated significantly lower effect sizes than BZs (Hedges' g = 0.50). These findings were not due to differences in treatment length or publication year. Expert opinion: The results of this study suggest that the most common forms of pharmacotherapy for adult GAD are moderately effective, with BZs being the most effective drug.

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression.

This article reviews the ways in which mindfulness practices have contributed to cognitive and behavioral treatments for depression and anxiety. Research on mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) has increased rapidly in the past decade. The most common include mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. MBIs are effective in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity in a range of individuals. MBIs consistently outperform non-evidence-based treatments and active control conditions, such as health education, relaxation training, and supportive psychotherapy. MBIs also perform comparably with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The treatment principles of MBIs for anxiety and depression are compatible with standard CBT.

Biased self-perceived social competence and engagement in subtypes of aggression: Examination of peer rejection, social dominance goals, and sex of the child as moderators.

This study expands on prior research suggesting that children who either over- or under-estimate their social competence relative to others' reports are more likely to be aggressive. Linear and curvilinear associations between biased social self-perceptions and forms (physical vs. relational) and functions (proactive vs. reactive) of aggression were tested along with three moderators (peer rejection, social dominance goals, and child sex). Children in the fifth through eight grade (N = 167) completed self-reports of perceived social competence and social dominance goals. Teachers completed ratings of children's social competence, peer rejection, and reactive and proactive physical and relational aggression. Bias in self-perceived social competence was quantified as the residual difference between child and teacher ratings of the child's social competence. There was a significant interaction between quadratic bias and peer rejection predicting reactive physical aggression; rejected children with a positive bias or a negative bias were highest in reactive physical aggression. The interaction between linear bias, social dominance goals, and the sex of the child was also significant when predicting proactive physical aggression. Among girls who highly valued social dominance, a positive bias predicted greater proactive physical aggression. Results are discussed in terms of implications for aggression theory and intervention. Aggr. Behav. 42:498-509, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Testigo de Jehova y el consentimiento informado en la práctica anestesiológica / Ehova´s witmesses amd omfpr, ed cpmsemt om anestheiologic practice

Se revisaron los conceptos actuales de bioética, sobre la autonomía y el consentimiento informado y su aplicación en la práctica anestésica diaria. Arribamos a las conclusiones: El consentimiento informado es un instrumento esencial en la práctica médica y específicamente en la Anestesiológica, el paciente tiene el derecho de solicitar que no se le realice una transfusión si él no lo desea, pero si el dejar de transfundir causa algún daño, el profesional de la salud no está excluido de responsabilidad penal, aunque lo haya hecho a solicitud expresa del paciente(AU)

To acquire greater knowledge of informed consent and of the Jehovah's Witnesses patients and to review the implementation of current bioethical and legal concepts on autonomy and informed concepts on daily anesthesiological practice. Conclusions: Informed consent is essential in the medical practice; the patient can't solicit receive a blood transfusion, but when damage occur the physician have penal responsibility(AU)

Testigo de Jehova y el consentimiento informado en la práctica anestesiológica / Ehova´s witmesses amd omfpr,ed cpmsemt om anestheiologic practice

Introducción: Mucho se ha escrito sobre la negativa a recibir transfusiones sanguíneas por los Testigos de Jehová. En nuestro centro tuvimos la oportunidad de darles atención a varios pacientes de este grupo, para lo cual creamos un subgrupo de anestesiólogos y cirujanos con el objetivo de darles mejor atención. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión de los conceptos actuales de la Bioética y aspectos legales que nos condujeran a una mejor comprensión del proceso de consentimiento informado, su aplicación en los Testigos de Jehová, para incorporarlo a nuestra práctica diaria. Desarrollo: Se revisaron los conceptos actuales de bioética, sobre la autonomía y el consentimiento informado y su aplicación en la práctica anestésica diaria. Arribamos a las Conclusiones: El consentimiento informado es un instrumento esencial en la práctica médica y específicamente en la Anestesiológica, el paciente tiene el derecho de solicitar que no se le realice una transfusión si él no lo desea, pero si el dejar de transfundir causa algún daño, el profesional de la salud no está excluido de responsabilidad penal, aunque lo haya hecho a solicitud expresa del paciente.

Introduction: Much has been written on the refusal of blood transfusions by Jehovah's Witnesses. In the "Manuel Fajardo" Hospital have been attended many patients of that group. For providing better care for Jehovah's Witnesses, a team of anesthesiologists and surgeons was established. For that aim, the members of the team have updated medical and bioethical knowledge. The implementation of informed consent has been very helpful in our service since 2002. Aims: To acquire greater knowledge of informed consent and of the Jehovah's Witnesses patients and to review the implementation of current bioethical and legal concepts on autonomy and informed concepts on daily anesthesiological practice. Conclusions: Informed consent is essential in the medical practice; the patient can't solicit receive a blood transfusion, but when damage occur the physician have penal responsibility.

Importancia del estudio ultrasonográfico en el diagnóstico de la neoplasia de páncreas / Importance of ultrasonographic study in the diagnosis of the neoplasia of pancreas

Se revisaron 30 historias clínicas de pacientes egresados con diagnóstico de neoplasia del páncreas, atendidos en el Hospital Provincial Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido desde enero de 1983 hasta junio de 1985. Se demostró la notable efectividad del estudio ultrasonográfico del abdomen para el diagnóstico de esta afección al correlacionarlo con otros exámenes complementarios como los radiográficos y laparoscópicos, además de los hallazgos quirúrgicos y la confirmación con el diagnóstico histopatológico. El tumor se localizó con mayor frecuencia en la cabeza del páncreas y fueron sus principales características ultrasonográficas la ecogenicidad y dilatación de vías biliares intrahepáticas y del colédoco. El tipo histológico predominante fue el adenocarcinoma. Estos hallazgos concuerdan con la literatura consultada

Importancia del estudio ultrasonográfico en el diagnóstico de la neoplasia de páncreas / Importance of ultrasonographic study in the diagnosis of the neoplasia of pancreas

Se revisaron 30 historias clínicas de pacientes egresados con diagnóstico de neoplasia del páncreas, atendidos en el Hospital Provincial Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba, en el período comprendido desde enero de 1983 hasta junio de 1985. Se demostró la notable efectividad del estudio ultrasonográfico del abdomen para el diagnóstico de esta afección al correlacionarlo con otros exámenes complementarios como los radiográficos y laparoscópicos, además de los hallazgos quirúrgicos y la confirmación con el diagnóstico histopatológico. El tumor se localizó con mayor frecuencia en la cabeza del páncreas y fueron sus principales características ultrasonográficas la ecogenicidad y dilatación de vías biliares intrahepáticas y del colédoco. El tipo histológico predominante fue el adenocarcinoma. Estos hallazgos concuerdan con la literatura consultada

Nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico ecográfico antenatal de las malformaciones congénitas / Antenatal echographic diagnosis of congenital malformations

Se estudiaron 8 500 gestantes en un período de 10 meses (de marzo a diciembre de 1983), entre las que se detectaron 28 malformaciones congénitas, para un índice de detección global de 0,33 % y específico de 90,3 %. Las alteraciones del volumen del líquido amniótico se observaron en el 57,1 % de los casos y la hidrocefalia resultó el hallazgo más frecuente, seguido de otros defectos del tubo neural. Hubo una correlación satisfactoria con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos

Nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico ecográfico antenatal de las malformaciones congénitas / Antenatal echographic diagnosis of congenital alformations

Se estudiaron 8 500 gestantes en un período de 10 meses (de marzo a diciembre de 1983), entre las que se detectaron 28 malformaciones congénitas, para un índice de detección global de 0,33

y específico de 90,3

. Las alteraciones del volumen del líquido amniótico se observaron en el 57,1

de los casos y la hidrocefalia resultó el hallazgo más frecuente, seguido de otros defectos del tubo neural. Hubo una correlación satisfactoria con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos (AU)