Quinoa Snack Production at an Industrial Level: Effect of Extrusion and Baking on Digestibility, Bioactive, Rheological, and Physical Properties.

This research aimed to produce gluten-free snacks on a pilot scale from quinoa flour. These snacks experienced an extrusion process, followed by baking. The effects of these technological processes on carbohydrate and protein digestibility, extractable phenolic compounds (EPP), hydrolyzable phenolic compounds (HPP), antioxidant capacity, and physical properties were evaluated in raw quinoa flour and extruded snacks. Extrusion increased digestible starch (RDS) from 7.33 g/100 g bs to 77.33 g /100 g bs. Resistant starch (RS) showed a variation of 2 g/100 g bs. It is noteworthy that protein digestibility increased up to 94.58 g/100 bs after extrusion and baking. These processes increased HPP content, while EPP and carotenoid content decreased. The samples showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the antioxidant properties determined through the DPPH and ABTS methods. Values of 19.72 ± 0.81 µmol T/g were observed in snacks and 13.16 ± 0.2 µmol T/g in raw flour, but a reduction of up to 16.10 ± 0.68 µmol T/g was observed during baking. The baking process reduced the work of crispness (Wcr) from 0.79 to 0.23 N.mm, while the saturation (C*) was higher in baked ones, showing higher color intensity. The baking process did not influence the viscosity profile. The results in this study respond to the growing interest of the food industry to satisfy consumer demand for new, healthy, and expanded gluten-free snacks with bioactive compounds.

Government Policy for the Procurement of Food from Local Family Farming in Brazilian Public Institutions.

This study aims to explore and compare Brazilian public institutional food services' characteristics concerning the implementation of the government policy for the procurement of food from family farming (FF) and the opinions of food service managers on the benefits and difficulties of its implementation. We conducted a cross-sectional study employing an online questionnaire. The results were stratified by purchase. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were applied. Five hundred forty-one food services' managers participated in the study. Most claimed to buy food from FF, and this acquisition was more frequent among those working in institutions of municipalities <50,000 inhabitants, and educational and self-managed institutions. Those buying from FF developed more actions to promote healthy and sustainable food. Most recognized that the purchase could boost local farming and the economy and improve the institution's food. However, the managers believe that the productive capacity of FF, the lack of technical assistance to farmers, production seasonality, and the bureaucratic procurement process hinder this type of purchase. The self-management of food services and the small size of the municipality might be associated with implementing the direct purchase policy from FF, which can contribute to building healthier and more sustainable food systems. However, the lack of public management support and the weak productive fabric may pose an obstacle to its maintenance or dissemination. The strengthening and consolidation of these policies require more significant government investments in productive infrastructure for family farming.

Clinical and genetic features of TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies in Mexican population: description of novel mutations and novel genotype-phenotype correlations.

Corneal dystrophies (CDS) are inherited disorders characterized by an altered corneal transparency and refractive index which may be caused by a progressive accumulation of deposits within the different corneal layers. Most CDs are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and mutations in the TGFBI gene at chromosome 5q31 cause the majority of CDs affecting the stromal layer. A genotype-phenotype correlation has been identified in most analyzed populations as specific amino acid changes in TGFBI protein cause specific stromal phenotypes. However, analysis of additional populations will help to broaden the mutational spectrum ultimately allowing a better clinical-molecular classification of patients with this group of diseases. In this work, eighteen unrelated Mexican probands suffering from stromal CDs were clinically assessed and their TGFBI gene status investigated. Complete ophthalmologic evaluation, including biomicroscopic inspection and dilated fundus examination, was performed. In addition, detailed genealogical analyses as well as automated DNA sequencing of the entire TGFBI gene were done in all probands. Mutation-carrying exons were examined in 50 first and second degree relatives. Phenotypic analysis disclosed the occurrence of 6 cases of lattice CD, 6 of granular CD, 2 of granular type 2 (Avellino CD), 2 of polymorphic corneal amyloidosis, 1 of Reis-Bucklers CD, and 1 of an unclassifiable phenotype. TGFBI mutations were identified in all 18 probands. A total of six different mutations were observed: p.V113I, p.M502V, p.A546D, p.L550P, p.R555W, and p.H626R. Of these, mutations p.L550P (originated by the change c.1649T>C at exon 12), p.M502V (c.1504A>G, at exon 11), and p.V113I (c.337G>A, at exon 4), are novel TGFBI mutations. All subjects with lattice CD in our sample carried the p.H626R mutation. No instances of defects at codon 124, one of the two most frequently mutated sites in TGFBI-linked CDs, were detected. A distinct TGFBI mutational pattern was identified in Mexican patients with stromal CDs. Novel TGFBI mutations and new genotype-phenotype correlations were also recognized. This study stresses the importance of performing TGFBI genetic analysis in distinct CD populations.

The TGFBI A546D mutation causes an atypical type of lattice corneal dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical, molecular, and histopathological features of a distinct transforming growth factor-beta-induced (TGFBI) gene-linked amyloidotic corneal dystrophy exhibiting an unusual lattice pattern. METHODS: A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed in 10 individuals of a Mexican family in which autosomal dominant transmission of the disease was observed. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes of each participating subject. Genetic analyses included TGFBI polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and automated nucleotidic sequencing of exons 4, 11, 12, 13, and 14 from genomic DNA. Histological analysis of corneal tissue from an affected individual who underwent a penetrating keratoplasty was also performed. RESULTS: The corneal phenotype in this pedigree was characterized by multiple bilateral round opacities in the central part of the cornea combined with a conspicuous central and peripheral lattice pattern. TGFBI analysis revealed a heterozygous point mutation at exon 12 (1637 C>A) in all affected individuals, predicting an A546D missense change. CONCLUSIONS: The lattice phenotype resulting from the TGFBI A546D mutation in this family is distinct from that observed in a previously described pedigree carrying the A546D mutation and exhibiting a phenotype designated "polymorphic corneal amyloidosis". We propose this particular disorder to be classified as an atypical type of lattice stromal corneal dystrophy.

El cólera en un distrito de Perú

Considerando el bajo reporte de enfermos de cólera y con el propósito de conocer la realidad del problema en el Distrito Villa El Salvador, de la introducción de Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) en Perú, se tomó una muestra de 101 casos con enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA) seleccionados por un muestreo sistemático a partir de un arranque aleatorio definido para cada unidad asistencial del Distrito, según la ocurrencia promedio diaria de casos con EDA atendidos respectivamente durante la semana precedente a la realización del estudio. A todos les fue llenada una encuesta epidemiológica, se les tomó también una muestra por hisopado rectal para aislamiento de V. cholerae, se encontraron 53 casos positivos (52,2 % y un intervalo de confianza entre 42,29 y 62,5 %) con diferencias significativas (p < 0,01) entre la frecuencia en adultos (67,3 %) respecto a los niños (34,8 %). Sólo en 13 (61,9 %) de los 21 casos con antecedentes de contacto con enfermos de cólera se aisló V. cholerae, para un riesgo relativo de 1,24 (0,83

Taking to consideration the low report of cholera patients and with the main knowing the reality about the introduction of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) in Peru, a sample of 101 cases with acute diarrheal disease (ADD) was taken at the Distrito Villa El Salvador. They were selected by a systematic randomized sampling defined for each health care unit in the District, according to the daily average occurence of ADD cases attended a week before the beginning of the study. All of them took part in a epidemiological survey. A sample was taken by rectal swab in order to isolate V. cholerae. 53 positive cases were found (52.2 % and a confidence interval from 42.29 to 62.5 %) with significant differences (p < 0.01) between the frecuency in adults (67.3 %) and children (34.8 %). V. cholerae was isolated only in 13 (61.9 %) of the 21 cases who had contact with cholera patients, for a relative risk of 1.24 (0.83 < RR < 1.85). A high positivity was also found, 21 cases (72.4 %) among those who had raw food. A significant difference (p < 0.01) was observed in connection with those who had cooked food. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis it was only found a significant relationship with age and with the ingestion of raw food as regards the occurrence of cholera.