Condition factor of Astyanax intermedius Eigenmann, 1908 (OSTEICHTHYES, CHARACIDAE) parasitised by Paracymothoa astyanaxi Lemos de Castro, 1955 (CRUSTACEA, CYMOTHOIDAE) in the Grande River, Serra do Mar State Park - Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil.

In this work the length-weight relationship and the condition factor of Astyanax intermedius parasitised and not by Paracymothoa astyanaxi were analysed in the Grande River. The length-weight relationship was estimated for females, males and immatures, and seasonally for the fishes and the parasites through the expression W = aLb. The condition factor of non-parasitised specimens differed seasonally and between sexes, contrasting with the results for parasitised fishes which showed no differences between sexes and season. The condition factor of non-parasitised specimens was higher than that of the parasitised fishes. Specimens of Astyanax intermedius parasitised do not have the same biotic conditions compared to non-parasitised individuals, in which the condition factor was similar over the years. In conclusion, parasitism by P. astyanaxi has deleterious effects on this host population which may cause changes in the reproductive and food dynamics of parasitised specimens due to low body conditions.

Biological aspects of Schizodon nasutus Kner, 1858 (Characiformes, Anostomidae) in the low Sorocaba river basin, São Paulo state, Brazil.

Four biological aspects of Schizodon nasutus in the low Sorocaba river basin, São Paulo, Brazil were analysed. These were accomplished during the year seasons. The fish diet and the feeding activity were investigated by studying the repletion index, which showed no significant differences between seasons. The food items analysed by frequency of occurrence and dominance showed a predominance of vegetable items in the diet. The reproduction, analysed by using the gonadosomatic index, indicated that the reproductive period occurs during the summer period when temperatures are higher and rainfalls are more intense. The amount of accumulated fat and condition factor varied according to reproduction, especially for females.

Diet of fishes in Passa Cinco stream, Corumbataí River sub-basin, São Paulo state, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to describe and classify the food preference of fish species in Passa Cinco stream. The grade of feeding preference was applied to stomachs considered replete. This method consists of attributing values to food items found in certain species, according to the participation of each item in the analysed stomach. We analysed 576 full stomachs of 28 species. The autochthonous insects were the main constituents of the diets of these species, and the majority of ingested items classified as occasional. Allochthonous items such as plant debris, seeds and earthworms were associated with higher-order site. Of the total possible combination pairs of species, 29.4% showed high overlap, which occurred mainly within species that consumed aquatic insect larvae. However, those species showed significant differences in the exploitation of food resources. Omnivory was common, showing the plasticity of the required species that inhabit environments as found in streams.

Seasonal and ontogenetic variations in the diet of Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduced in an artificial lake in southeastern Brazil.

The diet of Cichla kelberi introduced in an artificial lake in Leme-SP was predominantly composed of common fish species (Oreochromis niloticus and C. kelberi). In the spring and summer, the most consumed item was O. niloticus. However, cannibalism was very common for this species. The high frequencies of O. niloticus and C. kelberi reveal that this species is adapted to a seasonal cycle, feeding on the most common prey in each period of the year, with a reduction of foraging activity during the winter. The diets were different among the immature and mature individuals suggesting that there are ontogenetic differences, mainly related to prey type, such as: Ephemeroptera consumed by the immature peacock bass and fish by the mature ones, besides the size of the prey.

Growth and mortality of Cichla spp. (Perciformes, Cichlidae) introduced in Volta Grande Reservoir (Grande River) and in a small artificial lake in Southeastern Brazil.

The growth and mortality parameters were estimated through the analysis of length frequency distribution for species of Cichla spp. introduced into a lake in Leme (SP), and in Volta Grande reservoir (SP-MG). In Leme, Cichla kelberi presented larger frequency in the inferior classes of lengths, larger instantaneous rate of natural mortality, and smaller number of cohorts than C. kelberi and C. piquiti in Volta Grande. The values of growth performance obtained for the species were similar, corroborating the validity of the estimated growth and mortality parameters. The increase of the growth rate in small and less diverse environments occurs due to predation. The genus Cichla adapts well in locations in which it is introduced, however this adaptation shows itself to be strongly adjusted to each particular location, determining great plasticity and establishment capacity.

Reproduction of Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduced into an artificial lake in southeastern Brazil.

The objective of this study was to characterize the reproduction of Cichla kelberi in an artificial lake, located in the municipality of Leme, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Breeding occurred in spring, and summer. The L(50) and the L(100) of this species were 192 and 235 mm (L(50)), for males and females, respectively, and 290 mm (L(100)) for both sexes. Spawning was parceled. The oocytes matured at a size of 428.4 microm, reaching their maximum at 2,203.2 microm. A mean of fecundity were of 12,129.2 oocytes, with the mean of oocytes in each batch of 4,897.7. This species has external fertilization, is nonmigratory, and with parental care of the young. Various attributes of the peacock bass make their introduction a temptation. However, due to their feeding and reproductive characteristics, they have no natural predators, making it difficult to control their population growth or eradicate them.

Reproduction of Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduced into an artificial lake in southeastern Brazil / Reprodução de Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira, 2006 introduzidos em um lago artificial no Sudeste do Brasil

The objective of this study was to characterize the reproduction of Cichla kelberi in an artificial lake, located in the municipality of Leme, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Breeding occurred in spring, and summer. The L50 and the L100 of this species were 192 and 235 mm (L50), for males and females, respectively, and 290 mm (L100) for both sexes. Spawning was parceled. The oocytes matured at a size of 428.4 µm, reaching their maximum at 2,203.2 µm. A mean of fecundity were of 12,129.2 oocytes, with the mean of oocytes in each batch of 4,897.7. This species has external fertilization, is nonmigratory, and with parental care of the young. Various attributes of the peacock bass make their introduction a temptation. However, due to their feeding and reproductive characteristics, they have no natural predators, making it difficult to control their population growth or eradicate them.

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a reprodução de Cichla kelberi em um lago artificial no município de Leme, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A época reprodutiva ocorreu na primavera e verão. O L50 e o L100 desta espécie foram de 192 e 235 mm (L50) para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente e 290 mm (L100) para ambos os sexos. A desova foi do tipo parcelado. O tamanho dos ovócitos maduros foi de 428,4 µm, atingindo o máximo em 2.203,2 µm. A média da fecundidade foi de 12.129,2 ovócitos com média de cada desova de 4.897,7 ovócitos. Esta espécie adequou-se à definição de peixes com fecundação externa, não migradoras e com cuidado parental da prole. Os atributos para a introdução dos tucunarés podem ser tentadores. Porém, suas características reprodutivas e alimentares fazem com que não existam competidores ou predadores naturais e, assim, a sua expansão populacional seja de difícil controle e erradicação.

The role of riverine forests for food supply for the omnivorous fish Brycon opalinus Cuvier, 1819 (Characidae) in the Serra do Mar, Southeast Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the diet of the fish Brycon opalinus (Characidae) seasonally and locally, allowing for the determination of its food items and trophic relations with the aquatic and terrestrial environments. The study area encompasses three rivers (Paraibuna, Ipiranga and Grande) in the basin of the Paraibuna, southeast Brazil. Twelve monthly collections were made from January to December 2004. The degree of stomachic repletion and of accumulated visceral fat was analyzed, as was the intestinal length in each class of total length. The frequency of occurrence and the degree of food preference (DFP) of the food items of Brycon opalinus were determined by separating the vegetal and animal items, autochthonous and allochthonous, by insect order and vegetal family consumed. The frequency of occurrence of items of animal origin was found to be equivalent to that of vegetal origin, thus characterizing the omnivorism of Brycon opalinus feeding.

Reproduction of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) (Characiforms) in the Serra do Mar State Park, São Paulo, Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the reproduction of Oligosarcus hepsetus in the Grande river (Santa Virginia Unit - Serra do Mar State Park) based on the reproductive period, length of first gonadal maturation for both sexes, sexual proportion, oocyte development, type of spawn and fecundity. The Grande river was sampled monthly from January through December 2004. The numerical frequency of the stages of maturity and the volumetric method were utilized to determine the reproductive period and fecundity, respectively. The reproduction of Oligosarcus hepsetus was characterized by a long period, relatively low fecundity, precocious length of first gonadal maturation and parceled spawning.

The role of riverine forests for food supply for the omnivorous fish Brycon opalinus Cuvier, 1819 (Characidae) in the Serra do Mar, Southeast Brazil / O papel das florestas ribeirinhas na alimentação do peixe onívoro Brycon opalinus (Characidae) na Serra do Mar, sudeste do Brasil

The purpose of this study was to characterize the diet of the fish Brycon opalinus (Characidae) seasonally and locally, allowing for the determination of its food items and trophic relations with the aquatic and terrestrial environments. The study area encompasses three rivers (Paraibuna, Ipiranga and Grande) in the basin of the Paraibuna, southeast Brazil. Twelve monthly collections were made from January to December 2004. The degree of stomachic repletion and of accumulated visceral fat was analyzed, as was the intestinal length in each class of total length. The frequency of occurrence and the degree of food preference (DFP) of the food items of Brycon opalinus were determined by separating the vegetal and animal items, autochthonous and allochthonous, by insect order and vegetal family consumed. The frequency of occurrence of items of animal origin was found to be equivalent to that of vegetal origin, thus characterizing the omnivorism of Brycon opalinus feeding.

O objetivo foi caracterizar a dieta do peixe Brycon opalinus (Characidae) sazonalmente e localmente, sendo possível determinar os itens alimentares e as relações tróficas com os ambientes aquáticos e terrestres. A área de estudo abrange três rios (Paraibuna, Ipiranga e Grande) da bacia do Paraibuna, Sudeste do Brasil. Foram realizadas doze coletas mensais de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. O grau de repleção estomacal e o grau de acúmulo de gordura visceral foram analisados, assim como o comprimento intestinal em cada classe de comprimento total. A freqüência de ocorrência e o grau de preferência alimentar (GPA) dos itens alimentares de Brycon opalinus foram obtidos separando-se os itens vegetais e animais, autóctones e alóctones, por ordem de insetos e por família de vegetais consumidos. A freqüência de ocorrência dos itens de origem animal equivale à dos de origem vegetal, caracterizando assim a onivoria na alimentação de Brycon opalinus.

Reproduction of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) (Characiforms) in the Serra do Mar State Park, São Paulo, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to characterize the reproduction of Oligosarcus hepsetus in the Grande river (Santa Virginia Unit - Serra do Mar State Park) based on the reproductive period, length of first gonadal maturation for both sexes, sexual proportion, oocyte development, type of spawn and fecundity. The Grande river was sampled monthly from January through December 2004. The numerical frequency of the stages of maturity and the volumetric method were utilized to determine the reproductive period and fecundity, respectively. The reproduction of Oligosarcus hepsetus was characterized by a long period, relatively low fecundity, precocious length of first gonadal maturation and parceled spawning.

O objetivo foi caracterizar a reprodução de Oligosarcus hepsetus no rio Grande (Núcleo Santa Virgínia - Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar). Foram abordados o período reprodutivo, os comprimentos de primeira maturação gonadal para ambos os sexos, a proporção sexual, o desenvolvimento ovocitário, o tipo de desova e a fecundidade. O rio Grande foi amostrado mensalmente de janeiro a dezembro de 2004. A freqüência numérica dos estádios de maturidade e o método volumétrico foram utilizados para a determinação do período reprodutivo e da fecundidade, respectivamente. A reprodução de Oligosarcus hepsetus foi caracterizada por ter período longo, fecundidade relativamente baixa, comprimento de primeira maturação gonadal precoce e desova parcelada.

Reproduction of Pirapitinga do Sul (Brycon opalinus Cuvier, 1819) in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar-Núcleo Santa Virgínia, São Paulo, Brazil.

The objective of the study was to characterize seasonally and locally the reproduction of Pirapitinga do Sul (Brycon opalinus). The study area included three rivers (Paraibuna, Ipiranga, and Grande) in the Santa Virgínia Unit of the Serra do Mar State Park, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Breeding occurred in spring, summer, and autumn. The L(50) and the L(100) of this species were 16 to 18 cm and 26 to 28 cm, respectively. Spawning was total, with synchronous development in two groups. The size of mature oocytes was 1,346.4 microm, reaching a maximum of 2,570.4 microm, with a mean fecundity of 9,190.5 oocytes. This species has external fertilization, is non-migratory, and lacks parental care of the young. Preservation of the Pirapitinga do Sul depends, in great part, on maintaining water quality, preservation of the riverine forests, and access to breeding areas.

Gonadossomatic relation and reproductive strategy of Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819) in the Serra do Mar State Park - Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Atlantic Forest, Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the gonadossomatic relation of males and females of Brycon opalinus (the Pirapitinga do Sul) in the Serra do Mar State Park-Núcleo Santa Virgínia. The study area included three rivers: Paraibuna, Ipiranga, and Grande. From the gonadossomatic relation, it was possible to determine the reproductive season and strategy of this species. The gonadossomatic relation was high throughout the year for both males and females. Sperm competition and dilution of the ejaculate in the spawning locations favored substantial development of the testicles. The sex ratio of Brycon opalinus was always in favor of females. The existence of sexual dimorphism in this species was confirmed from the larger size of the females.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de analisar a relação gonadossomática de machos e fêmeas de Brycon opalinus (Pirapitinga do Sul) no Núcleo Santa Virgínia - PESM. A área de estudo abrangeu três rios (Paraibuna, Ipiranga e Grande). Com este parâmetro foi possível determinar a época e a estratégia reprodutiva para esta espécie. A RGS foi alta durante o ano tanto para machos quanto para fêmeas. A competição de esperma e a diluição da ejaculação nos locais de desova acarretaram o grande desenvolvimento dos testículos. A proporção sexual de Brycon opalinus sempre foi maior para as fêmeas e o dimorfismo sexual da espécie foi constatado devido ao maior tamanho das fêmeas.

Feeding of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) (Characiformes) in the Serra do Mar State Park - Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil

We describe the diet of Oligosarcus hepsetus, in the Santa Virgínia Unit of the Serra do Mar State Park. The Paraibuna and Grande rivers in the basin of the Paraíba do Sul River were sampled monthly from January to December 2004. The Alimentary Preference Degree and the frequency of occurrence indices were used to analyze the food items. The diets of Oligosarcus hepsetus in the two localities sampled were very similar, and reinforced the importance of the streamside forests in establishing and maintaining biotic and abiotic conditions in these environments. The species had a carnivorous diet that differed with ontogeny: smaller individuals were principally insectivorous and larger ones ichthyophagous.

O objetivo do trabalho foi abordar a dieta do peixe cachorro-magro, Oligosarcus hepsetus, no Núcleo Santa Virgínia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. O rio Paraibuna e o ribeirão Grande da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul foram amostrados mensalmente de janeiro a dezembro de 2004, sendo utilizados o Grau de Preferência Alimentar e a freqüência de ocorrência para as análises dos itens alimentares de Oligosarcus hepsetus. A dieta nos dois locais amostrados foi muito similar e ressaltou-se a importância das matas ribeirinhas para o fornecimento e a manutenção das condições bióticas e abióticas destes ambientes. A espécie apresentou dieta carnívora com diferenciação ontogenética, sendo que os indivíduos menores foram principalmente insetívoros e os maiores ictiófagos.

Reproduction of a fish assemblage in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.

Fish reproductions were studied in two river basins (Corumbataí and Jacaré-Pepira basins) in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. In the Corumbataí basin, four sites were sampled: Cabeça River, Lapa Stream, Passa-Cinco River, and Corumbataí River; in the Jacaré-Pepira basin, three sites were sampled: Tamanduá Stream, Jacaré-Pepira River, and Agua Branca Stream. A total of 12 bimonthly samples were made. Fish equipment included gill nets, purse seines, sieves, and traps. The main objective of this study was to characterize the fish assemblage regarding their reproductive biology and to compare these reproductive traits between both river basins. Most individuals with gonads in stage C (mature) and in stage D (empty gonads) were captured in the spring and summer. Multiple spawn and parental care were common strategies, which guaranteed offspring survivorship in unstable conditions.

Reproduction of Pirapitinga do Sul (Brycon opalinus Cuvier, 1819) in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar-Núcleo Santa Virgínia, São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of the study was to characterize seasonally and locally the reproduction of Pirapitinga do Sul (Brycon opalinus). The study area included three rivers (Paraibuna, Ipiranga, and Grande) in the Santa Virgínia Unit of the Serra do Mar State Park, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Breeding occurred in spring, summer, and autumn. The L50 and the L100 of this species were 16 to 18 cm and 26 to 28 cm, respectively. Spawning was total, with synchronous development in two groups. The size of mature oocytes was 1,346.4 µm, reaching a maximum of 2,570.4 µm, with a mean fecundity of 9,190.5 oocytes. This species has external fertilization, is non-migratory, and lacks parental care of the young. Preservation of the Pirapitinga do Sul depends, in great part, on maintaining water quality, preservation of the riverine forests, and access to breeding areas.

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar sazonalmente e localmente a reprodução da Pirapitinga do Sul (Brycon opalinus). A área de estudo abrangeu três rios (Paraibuna, Ipiranga e Grande) no PESM-Núcleo Santa Virgínia. A época reprodutiva ocorreu na primavera, verão e outono. O L50 e o L100 desta espécie foi de 16 a 18 cm e 26 a 28 cm, respectivamente. A desova foi do tipo total com desenvolvimento sincrônico em dois grupos, e o tamanho dos ovócitos maduros foi de 1.346,4 µm atingindo o máximo em 2.570,4 µm, com a fecundidade média de 9.190,5 ovócitos. Esta espécie adequou-se à definição de peixes com fecundação externa, não-migradores e sem cuidado parental com a prole. A preservação da Pirapitinga do Sul depende em grande parte da qualidade da água, da preservação das matas ribeirinhas e do acesso às áreas de reprodução.

Reproduction of a fish assemblage in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil

Fish reproductions were studied in two river basins (Corumbataí and Jacaré-Pepira basins) in the State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. In the Corumbataí basin, four sites were sampled: Cabeça River, Lapa Stream, Passa-Cinco River, and Corumbataí River; in the Jacaré-Pepira basin, three sites were sampled: Tamanduá Stream, Jacaré-Pepira River, and Agua Branca Stream. A total of 12 bimonthly samples were made. Fish equipment included gill nets, purse seines, sieves, and traps. The main objective of this study was to characterize the fish assemblage regarding their reproductive biology and to compare these reproductive traits between both river basins. Most individuals with gonads in stage C (mature) and in stage D (empty gonads) were captured in the spring and summer. Multiple spawn and parental care were common strategies, which guaranteed offspring survivorship in unstable conditions.

A Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) das Cuestas de São Pedro e Analândia foi enfocada para os estudos da reprodução de peixes de duas bacias (sub-bacia do Corumbataí e bacia do Jacaré-Pepira). Na sub-bacia do Corumbataí, quatro locais de coletas foram selecionados: rio Cabeça, córrego da Lapa, rio Passa-Cinco e rio Corumbataí; enquanto que, na bacia do Jacaré-Pepira, três locais foram selecionados: córrego Tamanduá, rio Jacaré-Pepira e córrego da Agua Branca. Foram realizadas 12 coletas bimestrais. Os aparelhos de pesca utilizados consistiram de redes de espera simples, tarrafa, peneiras e armadilhas do tipo covo. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de caracterizar e comparar a reprodução da assembléia de peixes das duas bacias. As coletas realizadas na primavera e no verão apresentaram o maior número de indivíduos que estavam com estádio de maturação gonadal C (maduros) e D (desovados). A desova parcelada e o cuidado parental foram estratégias comuns, que garantiram a sobrevivência da prole em condições instáveis de recursos alimentares e fatores abióticos.

Gonadossomatic relation and reproductive strategy of Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819) in the Serra do Mar State Park--Núcleo Santa Virgínia, Atlantic Forest, Brazil.

The objective of this study was to analyze the gonadossomatic relation of males and females of Brycon opalinus (the Pirapitinga do Sul) in the Serra do Mar State Park--Núcleo Santa Virgínia. The study area included three rivers: Paraibuna, Ipiranga, and Grande. From the gonadossomatic relation, it was possible to determine the reproductive season and strategy of this species. The gonadossomatic relation was high throughout the year for both males and females. Sperm competition and dilution of the ejaculate in the spawning locations favored substantial development of the testicles. The sex ratio of Brycon opalinus was always in favor of females. The existence of sexual dimorphism in this species was confirmed from the larger size of the females.

Feeding of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) (Characiformes) in the Serra do Mar State Park--Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil.

We describe the diet of Oligosarcus hepsetus, in the Santa Virgínia Unit of the Serra do Mar State Park. The Paraibuna and Grande rivers in the basin of the Paraíba do Sul River were sampled monthly from January to December 2004. The Alimentary Preference Degree and the frequency of occurrence indices were used to analyze the food items. The diets of Oligosarcus hepsetus in the two localities sampled were very similar, and reinforced the importance of the streamside forests in establishing and maintaining biotic and abiotic conditions in these environments. The species had a carnivorous diet that differed with ontogeny: smaller individuals were principally insectivorous and larger ones ichthyophagous.

Spawning and parental care in Hoplias malabaricus (Teleostei, Characiformes, Erythrinidae) in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil.

Herein we describe spawning and egg guarding in the erythrinid fish Hoplias malabaricus observed in the southern Pantanal (19 degrees 34' S and 57 degrees 00' W), state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Nests were depressions built on sandy soil in flooded areas, and contained a mean of 8,197 +/- 2,204 eggs (N = 4); the mean diameter of eggs was 1.44 +/- 0.09 mm (N = 400). Among 11 nests observed, eight were guarded by males and three by the pair. One male remained in the nest for six days, and two pairs remained guarding the eggs for at least three days before being captured. Females (N = 2) captured in the nest contained oocytes in their ovaries. Our observations suggest that male parental care is the normal form of parental care in H. malabaricus, but biparental care also seems to occur.