Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Anti-Bacterial Agents/supply & distribution , Austria , China , Drug Contamination , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Facility Regulation and Control/statistics & numerical data , Humans , India , International Cooperation , Penicillin G Benzathine/supply & distribution , Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination/supply & distribution , Security Measures , United States , United States Food and Drug AdministrationABSTRACT
The free-living amoebae are thermophilic organisms that may play an increasing role among diseases of a warming world. They are uncommon, accidental, yet high consequence pathogens, with differing pathologic syndromes. New prospects for diagnosis and life-saving treatment make early disease recognition imperative. We review the three most commonly diagnosed species that infect humans: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba species, and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
ABSTRACT
Bite infections can contain a mix of anaerobes and aerobes from the patient's skin and the animal's oral cavity, including species of Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Capnocytophaga. Domestic cat and dog bite wounds can produce substantial morbidity and often require specialised care techniques and specific antibiotic therapy. Bite wounds can be complicated by sepsis. Disseminated infections, particularly those caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Pasteurella multocida, can lead to septic shock, meningitis, endocarditis, and other severe sequelae. An emerging syndrome in veterinary and human medicine is meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections shared between pets and human handlers, particularly community-acquired MRSA disease involving the USA300 clone. Skin, soft-tissue, and surgical infections are the most common. MRSA-associated infections in pets are typically acquired from their owners and can potentially cycle between pets and their human acquaintances.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bites and Stings/complications , Bites and Stings/epidemiology , Cats , Dogs , Animals , Bacteria/classification , Bacterial Infections/complications , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Sepsis/etiologyABSTRACT
Acanthamoeba, a free-living ameba, has been reported to infect humans with subacute encephalitis, sinusitis, or keratitis. Multiple cases of Acanthamoeba sinusitis with dissemination have been reported in association with AIDS, with high mortality. We report successful treatment of a 35-year-old woman who presented with sinusitis that progressed to disseminated acanthamebiasis as her initial manifestation of AIDS. To our knowledge, our patient was one of the few and longest-lived survivors of disseminated Acanthamoeba infection with AIDS. As with other opportunistic infections, early aggressive therapy including HAART may alter the outcome in this almost uniformly fatal disease.
