ABSTRACT
We hypothesized that cell energy metabolic profiles correlate with normal, dysplastic, and tumor cell/tissue statuses and may be indicators of aggressiveness in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. The energy-related proteins that were differentially expressed in human OSCC fragments (n = 3) and their adjacent epithelial tissue (TAE) were verified using mass spectrometry (MS). Immunohistochemistry for 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was performed to evaluate the oxidative stress patterns in OSCC (n = 10), epithelial dysplasia (n = 9), and normal epithelial (n = 4) biopsies. The metabolic energy profile of OSCC aggressiveness was investigated in human OSCC cell lines with different levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition proteins. The genes associated with the proteins found by MS in this study were analyzed using survival analysis (OS), whereas the genes associated with a poorer prognosis were analyzed using context-specific expression, Gene Ontology (GO) and Cancer Hallmarks for function enrichment analysis. The rationale for all experimental approach was to investigate whether the variation in energy metabolism profile accompanies the different phenotypes (from epithelial to mesenchymal) during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. All OSCC fragments exhibited an increase in glycolysis-related proteins and a decrease in mitochondrial activity compared to the TAE region (p < 0.05), probably due to the downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and antioxidant proteins. Additionally, the OSCC cell lines with a mesenchymal profile (SCC4, SCC9, and SCC25) had a lower mitochondrial mass and membrane potential and generated lower levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species than the TAE region. When we analyzed 4-HNE, the reactive species levels were increased in the epithelial regions of OSCC and potentially malignant lesions. A decrease in the levels of 4-HNE/reactive species was observed in the connective tissue underlying the dysplastic regions and the OSCC invasion zone. Based on this scenario, aggressive OSCC is associated with high glycolytic and oxidative metabolism and low mitochondrial and antioxidant activities, which vary according to the differentiation level of the tumor cells and the stage of carcinogenesis.
ABSTRACT
Evidências indicam a relação entre o consumo excessivo de açúcar pela população mundial e o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas como cárie, obesidade, diabetes e câncer. Para verificar a relação entre dieta e processo saúde-doença, estudos epidemiológicos utilizam instrumentos válidos, reprodutíveis e confiáveis, sendo o mais utilizado o questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA). Este estudo tratou de desenvolver, reproduzir e validar um instrumento de pesquisa (QFA-açúcar) que permita quantificar em gramas o consumo de açúcar em amostra da população adulta de Porto Alegre/RS. Para a determinação da lista de alimentos e do modelo de registro do QFA-açúcar, foi realizada a abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa denominada grupo focal, baseada na adaptação do QFA desenvolvido para a população adolescente, adulta e idosa de Porto Alegre (QFA-Porto Alegre). A quantificação do açúcar dos alimentos seguiu o método físico-químico de análise de alimentos de Fehling, ou a leitura da tabela de composição de alimentos do Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos (USDA). O QFA-açúcar foi avaliado por juízes com experiência na elaboração e aplicação de QFA. O resultado final desta etapa apresenta o QFA-açúcar com 94 itens. Para testar a reprodutibilidade e medir a validade do QFA-açúcar, foi empregada a abordagem quantitativa de pesquisa, utilizando uma amostra de 81 indivíduos, residentes em Porto Alegre, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos, selecionada através da amostragem por estágios múltiplos. O estudo aconteceu de julho a novembro de 2011 e os participantes responderam dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas e 2 QFA-açúcar, num intervalo de 15 a 30 dias. A reprodutibilidade foi testada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse por ponto e por intervalo de 95% de confiança, por meio do teste das diferenças das médias pareadas (t-student) e pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. A validade foi medida através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e Spearman brutos...
Evidence indicates the relationship between excessive consumption of sugar by the population and the development of non communicable chronic diseases such as caries, obesity, diabetes and cancer. To investigate the relationship between diet and health-disease process, epidemiological studies use valid and reproducible instruments, and the most widely used is the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The objective of this study was to develop, reproduce and validate a survey instrument (FFQ-sugar) to quantify in grams the sugar consumption in a sample of the adult population from Porto Alegre / RS. To determine the list of foods and the model's log of the FFQ-sugar, was carried out a qualitative research approach called focus group. It was based on the adaptation of the FFQ developed for adolescents, adults and elderly from Porto Alegre (FFQ-Porto Alegre). The food sugar quantification followed the Fehling method of food physical-chemical analysis or the reading of the food composition table from the American United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The FFQ-sugar was evaluated by judges with experience in FFQ developing and implementing. The final result of this step shows the FFQ sugar with 94 items. To test the reproducibility and to measure the validity of the FFQ-sugar, was used the quantitative research approach. A sample of 81 individuals living in Porto Alegre, from 18 and 60 years of age were selected by multistage sampling. The study happened from July to November of 2011. The participants answered two 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and two FFQ-sugar, in a interval of 15 to 30 days. The reproducibility was tested by the intra-class correlation coefficient by point and 95% confidence interval, through the test of paired differences of means (student-t test) and by the Cronbach's alpha. The validity was measured by the brute and de-attenuated correlation coefficients of Pearson and Spearman and by the classification of the individuals...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Chronic Disease , Dental Caries/etiology , Dietary Sucrose/administration & dosage , Dietary Sucrose/adverse effects , Epidemiologic Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Evidências indicam a relação entre o consumo excessivo de açúcar pela população mundial e o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas como cárie, obesidade, diabetes e câncer. Objetivo: descrever o desenvolvimento de um QFA que permita quantificar em massa o consumo de açúcar em amostra da população adulta de Porto Alegre, com base na adaptação do QFA-Porto Alegre. Métodos: a lista de alimentos e o modelo de registro de QFA foram elaborados por meio da abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa denominada grupo focal. A quantificação do açúcar dos alimentos seguiu o método físico-químico de análise de alimentos de Fehling, ou a leitura da tabela de composição de alimentos do Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos (USDA). O QFA-açúcar foi avaliado por juízes com experiência na elaboração e aplicação de QFA. Resultados: dos 135 itens alimentares do QFA-Porto Alegre, o grupo focal selecionou 105 para a quantificação. Dentre estes, 40 alimentos não apresentaram sacarose, 7 alimentos agrupados no mesmo item foram individualizados, 5 itens considerados sem açúcar foram mantidos na lista, 1 item foi acrescentado e 1 foi modificado. Os juízes acrescentaram 4 itens e incluíram legenda referente à unidade de tempo e medidas caseiras médias. O QFA-açúcar final contém 94 itens. Conclusão: o QFA-açúcar possui relevâncias e limitações, contudo pode ser aprimorado. Encontra-se em processo de reprodutibilidade e validação e, após, poderá ser utilizado em estudos epidemiológicos para investigar a associação entre consumo de açúcar, doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e cárie na população adulta de Porto Alegre
Evidence indicates the relationship between excessive consumption of sugar by the world population and the development of chronic diseases such as dental caries, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Aim: to describe the development of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to quantify the mass consumption of sugar in a sample of the adult population from Porto Alegre, based on the adaptation of the FFQ-Porto Alegre. Methods: the list of foods and the FFQ model of registration were developed through the qualitative research approach called focus group. The food sugar quantification followed the Fehling method of food physical-chemical analysis or the reading of the food composition table from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The FFQ-sugar was evaluated by judges with experience in FFQ development and implementation. Results: from the 135 food items of the FFQ-Porto Alegre, the focus group selected 105 for quantification. From these, 40 had no sucrose, seven foods grouped in the same item were individualized, five items considered sugar-free were kept in the list, one item was added, and one was modified. The judges added four items and included a legend for the unit of time and the average portion sizes. The final FFQ-sugar contains 94 items. Conclusion: the FFQ-sugar has relevance and limitations, but can be improved. It is in the process of reproducibility and validation and, in the future, may be used in epidemiological studies to investigate the association between sugar consumption, non-communicable chronic diseases and dental caries in the adult population from Porto Alegre
Subject(s)
MedicineABSTRACT
Estudo exploratório no qual cinquenta (50) enfermeiras foram solicitadas a oferecer, por escrito, resposta a uma pergunta sobre atributos profissionais de cuidador da pessoa com câncer. Os dados analisados de acordo com Strauss (1988) revelaram atributos e comportamentos esperados. Os atributos incluiram: Ser humano, possuir conhecimento técnico-científico, ter visäo global da pessoa, ter self integrado, ser responsável, ter resolutividade...