ABSTRACT
Rice irrigation by continuous flooding is highly water demanding in comparison with most methods applied in the irrigation of other crops, due to a significant deep percolation and surface drainage of paddies. The pollution of water resources and methane emissions are other environmental problems of rice agroecosystems, which require effective agronomic changes to safeguard its sustainable production. To contribute to this solution, an experimental study of alternate wetting and drying flooding (AWD) was carried out in the Center of Portugal in farmer's paddies, using the methodology of field irrigation evaluation. The AWD results showed that there is a relevant potential to save about 10% of irrigation water with a reduced yield impact, allowing an additional period of about 10 to 29 days of dry soil. The guidelines to promote the on-farm scale AWD automation were outlined, integrating multiple data sources, to get a safe control of soil water and crop productivity. The conclusions point out the advantages of a significant change in the irrigation procedures, the use of water level sensors to assess the right irrigation scheduling to manage the soil deficit and the mild crop stress during the dry periods, and the development of paddy irrigation supplies, to allow a safe and smart AWD.
Subject(s)
Oryza , Desiccation , Portugal , Soil , WaterABSTRACT
Since its introduction in daily medical practice in the late 20th century, flexible bronchoscopy has had an increasing role in the everyday life of the pulmonologist. Not only for diagnosis, but also for therapeutic interventions, it has achieved widespread use and is now performed in a diversity of clinical scenarios. For several reasons, from easy performance in trained hands to versatility, diagnostic reliability, and safety, flexible bronchoscopy is now widely accepted and increasingly used in the management of critically ill patients. The knowledge of the unique features of intensive care unit patients, as well as indications and contraindications for the procedure, is paramount in achieving optimal results, while minimizing potential risks and complications. Performing bronchoscopy in an unstable patient, often on mechanical ventilation, requires awareness of the specific pathophysiological impact of the procedure. This in turn determines respiratory and cardiovascular derangements frequently observed during the procedure. This article reviews indications, pathophysiology, technical aspects, complications, and contraindications of flexible bronchoscopy in the critical care patient.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do nível de atividade física no perfil lipídico, na glicose sanguínea, na composição corporal, na aptidão cardiovascular (VO2max), na aptidão muscular e na agilidade/equilíbrio em mulheres idosas. Métodos: Para verificar interferência do nível de atividade física nos níveis lipídicos, glicêmicos, de composição corporal e de aptidão física, foi utilizado o teste t de Student independente, precedido do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilks. Foram avaliadas 23 mulheres com mais de 60 anos, divididas em um grupo ativo (GA) e grupo inativo (GI) segundo classificação do IPAQ. Resultados: Mulheres idosas do grupo ativo apresentaram valores significativamente superiores no teste de agilidade/equilíbrio e idade média superior ao do grupo inativo. Além disso, o grupo ativo apresentou valores superiores na massa de gordura, massa corporal magra e força de membros inferiores, mas não estatisticamente significativos. De forma inversa, o colesterol total, triglicérides e a glicose sanguínea mostraram-se inferiores no grupo ativo, mas também não estatisticamente significativos. As demais variáveis antropométricas, perfil qualitativo alimentar, e demais testes de aptidão física não mostraram diferenças entre os grupos. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a adoção e manutenção de um estilo de vida ativo, mesmo em idades avançadas, por meio da atividade física, têm efeitos benéficos na manutenção da independência de pessoas idosas.
Abstract Objective: To value the influence of the level of physical activity in the lipid profiles, the levels of glucose in the blood stream, the body composition, the muscular and cardiovascular fitness aptitudes (VO²max), and the agility/equilibrium in elderly women Methods: In order to verify the interference of the level of physical exercises on the levels of lipid and glucose, on body composition and on physical aptitude, the independent Student test was used, after the normality Shapiro-Wilks test. Twenty-three women over 60 years old were evaluated in two groups, an active group and an inactive one, according to a classification by IPAQ. Results: Active women presented significantly higher values in the agility/equilibrium tests and middle age superior to that of the inactive group. Besides, the active group presented superior fatness mass, slim body mass, strength in inferior members, which were not, however, statistically significant. In the reverse form, the total cholesterol, triglycerids and they showed the blood glucose inferior in the active group, but also not statistically significant. You were varying the rest antropométricas, qualitative food profile, and too many tests of physical aptitude did not show differences between the groups.Conclusions: The conclusion is that adopting and keeping up an active lifestyle by means of physical activities, even in advanced age, has benefic effects in prolonging the independence of the elderly.
