ABSTRACT
The lowest water availability area in Brazil is the Northeast Atlantic Eastern Hydrographic Region (NAERH). It plays a fundamental role in the lives of 24.1 million inhabitants spread throughout 874 cities. Drought is recurrent in this semiarid climate, affecting agriculture, biodiversity, the ecosystem and other environmental spheres. Therefore, the goal of this research is to combine different drought indexes to quantify drought intensity and duration in the NAERH. Besides the traditionally used rainfall data, multi-temporal data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Global Positioning System (GPS) were also used. The indexes are the Combined Climatic Deviation Index (CCDI), Drought Severity Index (DSI) and Vertical Crustal Deformation Index (DIVCD). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used for validation of the other indexes through the Spearman rank correlation, which retrieved ρ = 0.76 and 0.68 between the CCDI and the SPI-03/06. On the other hand, DSI correlated with the SPI-24/36 with ρ = 0.67/0.75. Despite limitations, the DIVCD accurately detected the frequencies of hydrological droughts. All indexes identified the last severe drought from 2012 to 2018, and its persistence throughout 2019 and 2020. The combined indexes approach reveals nuances of the indexes, improving the baseline to thoroughly understand drought at different temporal scales.
Subject(s)
Droughts , Ecosystem , Agriculture , Brazil , HydrologyABSTRACT
AIM: functional analysis of pcsk9 3'utr variants and mrna-mirna interactions were explored in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (fh). MATERIALS & METHODS: PCSK9 3'UTR variants were identified by exon-targeted gene sequencing. Functional effects of 3'UTR variants and mRNA-miRNA interactions were analyzed using in silico and in vitro studies in HEK293FT and HepG2 cells. RESULTS: Twelve PCSK9 3'UTR variants were detected in 88 FH patients. c.*75C >T and c.*345C >T disrupted interactions with miR-6875, miR-4721 and miR-564. Transient transfection of the c.*345C >T decreased luciferase activity in HEK293FT cells. miR-4721 and miR-564 mimics reduced PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: PCSK9 c.*345C >T has a possible role as loss-of-function variant. miR-4721 and miR-564 downregulate PCSK9 and may be useful to improve lipid profile in FH patients.
Subject(s)
MicroRNAs , Epigenomics , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II , Proprotein Convertase 9ABSTRACT
Aim: Functional analysis of PCSK9 3'UTR variants and mRNA-miRNA interactions were explored in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Materials & methods:PCSK9 3'UTR variants were identified by exon-targeted gene sequencing. Functional effects of 3'UTR variants and mRNA-miRNA interactions were analyzed using in silico and in vitro studies in HEK293FT and HepG2 cells. Results: Twelve PCSK9 3'UTR variants were detected in 88 FH patients. c.*75C >T and c.*345C >T disrupted interactions with miR-6875, miR-4721 and miR-564. Transient transfection of the c.*345C >T decreased luciferase activity in HEK293FT cells. miR-4721 and miR-564 mimics reduced PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. Conclusion:PCSK9 c.*345C >T has a possible role as loss-of-function variant. miR-4721 and miR-564 downregulate PCSK9 and may be useful to improve lipid profile in FH patients.
Subject(s)
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/genetics , MicroRNAs , Proprotein Convertase 9/genetics , RNA, Messenger , 3' Untranslated Regions , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Female , Genetic Variation , HEK293 Cells , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Proprotein Convertase 9/metabolism , Young AdultABSTRACT
To provide information useful in policy formulation and management of drought impacts in Brazil, in this study, a sequence of drought events based on monthly rainfall of 1901-2013 on ~25 km x 25 km grid are derived at 4 timescales that include short-timescales (3-month and 6-month) and medium to long-timescales (12-month and 24-month). Subsequently, probability of drought occurrences, intensity, duration and areal-extent are calculated. The probabilities of occurrence of severe and extreme droughts at short-timescales are 1 in 12 and 1 in 66 years, respectively, all over the country. At medium to long-timescales, the probability of severe droughts is about 1 in 20 years in northern Brazil, and 1 in 10 years in the south. The probabilities of extreme droughts are 1 in 9 and 1 in 12 years over northern Brazil and in the south, respectively. In general, no evidence of significant (α =0.05) trend is detected in drought frequency, intensity, and duration over the last 11 decades (since 1901) at all the 4 timescales. The drought areal-extent show increasing trends of 3.4%/decade over Brazil for both 3-month and 6-month timescales. However, the trend increases for the 12-month and 24-month timescales are relatively smaller, i.e., 2.4%/decade and 0.5%/decade, respectively.