Respiratory effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory lung injury in mice.

The pathogenic mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury have not been classified. This study examined the physiological changes after endotoxin inhalation and related those to features of pulmonary inflammation in mice. Pulmonary mechanics, histopathology, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from BALB/c mice were analysed at different occasions (3, 24, 48 and 72 h) after inhalation of saline or LPS from Escherichia coli (0.3 (L0.3) or 10 mg x mL(-1) (L10)). Mice were sedated, anaesthetized, and ventilated. After chest wall resection static (Est) and dynamic (Edyn) elastances, deltaE (Edyn-Est), resistive (deltaP1) and viscoelastic/inhomogeneous pressures (deltaP2), and deltaP1+deltaP2 (deltaPtot) were obtained by end-inflation occlusion method. Lungs were prepared for histopathology. In parallel groups, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, neutrophils, and protein were evaluated in the BALF. L0.3 and L10 showed a time-dependent production of TNF-alpha preceding a massive neutrophil infiltration. In L10 BALF there was an increase in protein level at 24 and 48 h. Est and Edyn increased early in L0.3 (65%, 63%) and L10 (41%, 51%). In L10 deltaE, deltaP2, and deltaPtot showed a gradual rise. At 72 h all groups were similar. L0.3 showed an early increase in cellularity, which returned to normal at 72 h. L10 presented the same pattern with the cell count remaining elevated until 72 h. In conclusion, lipopolysaccharide inhalation led to elastic and viscoelastic pulmonary changes together with tumour necrosis factor-alpha production and neutrophil infiltration in mouse lung.

Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract and the polyacetylene isolated from Bidens pilosa L.

The immunomodulatory effect of the methanolic extract obtained from dried leaves of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and the polyacetylene 2-O-beta-D-glucosyltrideca-11 E-en-3,5,7,9-tetrayn-1,2-diol (PA-1) isolated from it was investigated. The extract inhibited the proliferative response in two in vitro models: human lymphocytes stimulated by 5 microg ml(-1) phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or to 100 nM 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) plus 0.15 microM ionomycin and murine lymphocytes stimulated by 5 microg ml(-1) concanavalin A (Con A) or in the mixed leukocyte reaction (IC50 = 12.5 to 25 microg ml(-1)). PA-1 was 10-told more potent than the original extract in blocking both human and murine lymphocyte proliferation (IC50 = 1.25 to 2.5 microg ml(-1)). In mice, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of methanolic extract of B. pilosa significantly reduced the size of the popliteal lymph node (PLN) after the inflammation induced by zymosan. One week after the injection of zymosan (150 microg) in the foot pad, PLN weighed 4.6 +/- 0.6 mg in comparison with 0.5 +/- 0.07 mg of the contralateral non-inflamed foot pad. The i.p. treatment with 10 mg extract from day 2 to day 6 after zymosan injection reduced the PLN weight to 1.8 +/- 0.3 mg. The data suggest an immunosuppressive activity of components of B. pilosa that may explain its popularly perceived anti-inflammatory effect.

Effects of rolipram on cyclic AMP levels in alveolar macrophages and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mouse lung.

1. Our previous work demonstrated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), administered by aerosol, induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) synthesis leading to the infiltration of neutrophils into mice lungs. The treatment of animals with prostaglandin E2 or dibutyryl cyclic AMP impaired both processes. In this study, the target cell for LPS and the modulation by cyclic AMP of TNF-alpha production and neutrophil recruitment were investigated. 2. One hour after inhalation of 2 ml of 0.3 mg ml(-1) LPS, TNF-alpha levels measured by an ELISA method increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of BALB/c mice, reaching a maximal level 3 h after inhalation. The immunocytochemistry assay demonstrated that 1 h after inhalation, 21.2% of alveolar macrophages collected in the BALF were immunopositive for TNF-alpha. 3. When mice were pretreated, i.p., with 20 mg kg(-1) rolipram, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4, TNF-alpha levels in the BALF were significantly reduced and only 7.3% of alveolar macrophages were immunopositive for TNF-alpha. 4. Alveolar macrophages from rolipram-treated mice collected 30 min after inhalation of LPS had a significant increase in the intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP. This was accompanied by a marked reduction of TNF-alpha levels in the BALF that were associated with a suppression of TNF-alpha mRNA expression. 5. Systemic treatment with 20 mg kg(-1) rolipram almost completely inhibited the LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment, whereas it did not significantly reduce the recruitment induced by rmTNF-alpha. 6. Our results indicate that alveolar macrophages may be the target cells for both the induction and control of the lung inflammatory response to LPS. They also suggest that systemic treatment with cyclic AMP-elevating agents may be useful to control local inflammation resulting from inhalation of bacterial endotoxin.

Effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors and modulators of cyclic AMP formation on lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil infiltration in mouse lung.

1. The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute lung inflammation developed after direct or indirect contact with pathogenic agents. In the present study, a mouse model was developed to mimic this condition using aerosolized bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to investigate the mechanisms involved in the lung inflammatory response. 2. Inhalation of LPS led to a time and dose-dependent increase in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production and neutrophil recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Balb/c mice. Under the same conditions, neutrophil infiltration was also found in the BALF of the LPS-sensitive mouse strain C3H/HeN, but was absent in the LPS-resistant strain C3H/HeJ. Intranasal administration of murine recombinant TNF-alpha also triggered neutrophil recruitment. 3. One hour after inhalation of LPS, half of the maximal level of TNF-alpha was measured in the BALF, but only a few neutrophils were detected at this time. The peak TNF-alpha concentration was reached at 3 h, when the neutrophil amount started to increase. At 24 h, maximal neutrophil number was found in the BALF and TNF-alpha was no longer present. 4. Pretreatment of mice under different experimental conditions demonstrated that: (a) cycloheximide almost completely blocks both neutrophil recruitment and TNF-alpha production; (b) anti TNF-alpha antibodies block neutrophil recruitment; (c) indomethacin or aspirin enhance by two fold neutrophil recruitment; (d) indomethacin significantly increases TNF-alpha production 1 h after inhalation of LPS; (e) dibutyryl cyclic AMP and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) block both neutrophil recruitment and TNF-alpha production. 5. It is concluded that aerosolized LPS in mice triggers an acute lung inflammation which can be used as a potential model of inhalational ARDS and that, strategies leading to the elevation of cyclic AMP levels in vivo can be effective in modulating LPS-induced TNF-alpha synthesis and neutrophil recruitment.

Exchange between inorganic phosphate and adenosine triphosphate in (Na+,K+)-ATPase.

(Na+,K+)-ATPase is able to catalyze a continuous ATP in equilibrium Pi exchange in the presence of Na+ and in the absence of a transmembrane ionic gradient. At pH 7.6 the Na+ concentration required for half-maximal activity is 85 mM and at pH 5.1 it is 340 mM. In the presence of optimal Na+ concentration, the rate of exchange is maximal at pH 6.0 and varies with ADP and Pi concentration in the assay medium. ATP in equilibrium Pi exchange is inhibited by K+ and by ouabain.