Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adolescents: case report and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is the most common cause of severe and persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and children. It is a heterogeneous condition with dysregulated insulin secretion, which persists in the presence of low blood glucose levels. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 15 year-old male with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, who underwent a subtotal pancreatectomy after inadequate response to medical therapy. Pathological examination was positive for nesidioblastosis (diffuse ß-cell hyperplasia by H-E and immunohistochemical techniques). The patient's blood glucose levels normalized after surgery and he remains asymptomatic after 1 year of follow-up. The systematic review allowed us to identify 41 adolescents from a total of 205 cases reported in 22 manuscripts, from a total of 454 found in the original search done in PubMed and Lilacs. CONCLUSIONS: Although very well reported in children, hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia can occur in adolescents or young adults, as it happens in our reported case. These patients can be seen, treated and reported by pediatricians or adult teams either way due to the wide age range used to define adolescence. Most of them do not respond to medical treatment, and subtotal distal pancreatectomy has become the elected procedure with excellent long-term response in the vast majority.

Pancreas Transplantation at a Single Latin-American Center; Overall Results with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) has become the treatment of choice for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with chronic renal failure. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), was once considered to be a contraindication for pancreas transplantation; however, it has been accepted as a new indication, under strict criteria. Although favorable results have increase the indication for T2DM in developed countries, there have been no reports of long-term results for this indication from Latin American centers. METHODS: From April 2008 to March 2016, patients receiving SPK or pancreas transplant alone (PTA) for T2DM were included and compared with T1DM recipients. Variables were compared between groups with the use of χ2 and t tests; Kaplan-Meier with log rank was used for patient and graft survivals; P < .05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: A total of 45 SPK and 1 PTA were performed, 35 (76.1%) for T1DM and 11 (24.5%) for T2DM. Mean pre-transplantation C-peptide was significantly higher in the T2DM group (P = .01); HbA1c was higher in the T1DM group (P = .03). No differences were found in weight, body mass index, and pre-transplantation glycemia. Patient survivals for T1DM recipients were 88.2% and 84.8% at 1 and 5 years, respetively, versus 100% and 74.1% for T2DM recipients (P = .87). CONCLUSIONS: Our initial prospective experience in a single Latin American center showed that medium- and long-term outcomes for T1DM and T2DM individuals receiving pancreas transplants are similar, under strict selection criteria.

Characteristics of Liver Transplantation in Argentina: A Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of information regarding outcomes after liver transplant in Latin America. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe outcomes after liver transplant in adult patients from Argentina. METHODS: We performed an ambispective cohort study of adult patients transplanted between June 2010 and October 2012 in 6 centers from Argentina. Only patients who survived after the first 48 hours postransplantation were included. Pretransplantation and posttransplantation data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Median age at time of transplant was 50 (interquartile range [IQR] 26 to 54) years. In total, 173 (86%) patients had cirrhosis, and the most frequent etiology in these patients was hepatitis C (32%). A total of 35 (17%) patients were transplanted with hepatocellular carcinoma. In patients with cirrhosis, the median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at time of liver transplant was 25 (IQR 19 to 30). Median time on the waiting list for elective patients was 101 (IQR 27 to 295) days, and 3 (IQR 2 to 4) days for urgent patients. Almost 40% of the patients were readmitted during the first 6 months after liver transplant. Acute rejection occurred in 27% of the patients. Biliary and vascular complications were reported in 39 (19%) and 19 (9%) patients, respectively. Renal failure, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were present in 40 (26%), 87 (57%), and 77 (50%) at 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We believe the information contained in this article might be of value for reviewing current practices and developing local policies.

Paneth and intestinal stem cells preserve their functional integrity during worsening of acute cellular rejection in small bowel transplantation.

Graft survival after small bowel transplantation remains impaired due to acute cellular rejection (ACR), the leading cause of graft loss. Although it was shown that the number of enteroendocrine progenitor cells in intestinal crypts was reduced during mild ACR, no results of Paneth and intestinal stem cells localized at the crypt bottom have been shown so far. Therefore, we wanted to elucidate integrity and functionality of the Paneth and stem cells during different degrees of ACR, and to assess whether these cells are the primary targets of the rejection process. We compared biopsies from ITx patients with no, mild, or moderate ACR by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. Our results show that numbers of Paneth and stem cells remain constant in all study groups, whereas the transit-amplifying zone is the most impaired zone during ACR. We detected an unchanged level of antimicrobial peptides in Paneth cells and similar numbers of Ki-67+ IL-22R+ stem cells revealing cell functionality in moderate ACR samples. We conclude that Paneth and stem cells are not primary target cells during ACR. IL-22R+ Ki-67+ stem cells might be an interesting target cell population for protection and regeneration of the epithelial monolayer during/after a severe ACR in ITx patients.

Right Extended Split Liver Transplantation Compared With Whole Liver Transplantation: Lessons Learned at a Single Center in Latin America-Results From a Match Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the progressively increasing gap between patients waiting for liver transplant under the Model for End-stage Liver Disease MELD system and the availability of deceased donor organs, the use of right extended split liver grafts (RESLG) has not been accepted by all centers. In this study, we compared the results obtained using RESLG vs a group of matched whole liver graft (WLG) recipients at a single center in Latin America. METHODS: A single-center retrospective review performed between August 2009 and December 2015. RESULTS: Fifteen RESLGs were implanted to recipients between 13 and 70 years of age; 80% were performed ex situ. The "biological MELD" score for the RESLG group was 17.5 ± 5.6, and it was 12.8 ± 4.5 for the WLG group (P = .01). Cold ischemia times were significantly longer in RESLG recipients compared with WLG recipients (528 minutes vs 420 minutes; P < .01). No significant differences were found in biliary (leak or strictures P = .40) and arterial complications (hepatic artery thrombosis, P = .06). RESLG patients benefited from a considerable reduction on their waiting time in list. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival rates were 93%, 93%, and 93% respectively, for RESLG recipients vs 100%, 95.7%, and 86.1%, respectively, for WLG recipients. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival rates were 79.4%, 79.4%, and 79.4% for RESLG recipients and 89.7%, 89.7%, and 89.7% for WLG recipients, respectively. No statistical differences were observed. CONCLUSION: RESLG allows expeditious transplantation for low MELD recipients. Its use should be expanded in Latin America and worldwide as a valid alternative to increase the donor pool as it has been used in other regions.

Use of Nonvascularized Abdominal Rectus Fascia After Liver, Small Bowel, and Multiorgan Transplantation: Long-Term Follow-up of a Single-Center Series.

BACKGROUND: The abdominal wall may be severely compromised in the vast majority of intestinal and multiorgan transplant candidates, and sometimes as a consequence of complex liver transplantation. Multiple options have been described to overcome this problem, varying from component separation to the extreme need of performing an abdominal wall transplantation. The aim of the present paper is to report the largest and longest-term results of patients that received an abdominal rectus fascia (ARF) after liver, intestinal, or multiorgan transplantation at a single transplant center. METHODS: This is a retrospective report of a prospectively collected dataset of all the patients that received ARF during liver, isolated intestine, combined, or multiorgan transplantation at Fundación Favaloro from May 2006 to June 2016. RESULTS: A total of 19 out of 528 patients (3.5%) that underwent abdominal organ transplant received an ARF graft: 17 patients after receiving an intestine-containing graft, and 2 after liver retransplantations. Three patients required changing the ARF, 2 with a synthetic mesh and 1 with another ARF. Five patients required late reoperations: A relaparotomy was performed by transecting the ARF without encountering adhesions on the inner ARF surface. None of the 2 patients who received liver retransplantations and ARF developed acute or chronic ventral defects. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ARF is a simple and reliable surgical option to close abdominal wall defects during transplantation, the fascia adequately incorporates to the abdominal wall, allowing it to be transected and resutured in the long term and preserving the integrity of the peritoneal layer.

Thomas Starzl, Video Interview for His Living Legend Award at the ISBTS 2015.

At the 14th International Small Bowel Transplant Symposium, (ISBTS2015) held in Buenos Aires, a session to recognize the pioneers that have dedicated their lives to make our current field possible was organized. Dr Thomas Starzl received the first Living Legend Award. A video interview was obtained at his office, edited, and later presented during the scientific meeting. More than 600 people saw Dr Starzl's interview, which captivated the audience for 40 minutes, before smiles, tears and the final applause erupted at the conclusion. We would like to share this video with all of you to inspire the current generations and the generations to come. The manuscript has the main parts of the interview, which can also be accessed at http://isbts2015.tts.org/starzl.mp4.

Long-Term Outcomes of Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation at a Single Center in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal failure (IF) patients received parenteral nutrition (PN) as the only available therapy until intestinal transplantation (ITx) evolved as an accepted treatment. The aim of this article is to report the long-term outcomes of a series of ITx performed in pediatric and adult patients at a single center 9 years after its creation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of the ITx performed between May 2006 and January 2015. Diagnoses, pre-ITx mean time on PN, indications for ITx, time on the waiting list for types of ITx, mean total ischemia time, and warm ischemia time, time until PN discontinuation, incidence of acute and chronic rejection, and 5-year actuarial patient survival are reported. RESULTS: A total of 42 patients received ITx; 80% had short gut syndrome (SG); the mean time on PN was 1620 days. The main indication for ITx was lack of central venous access followed by intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) and catheter-related infectious complications. The mean time on the waiting list was 188 days (standard deviation, ±183 days). ITx were performed in 26 children and 14 adults. In all, 32 procedures were isolated ITx (IITX); 10 were multiorgan Tx (MOT; 3 combined, 7 multivisceral Tx (MVTx), 1 modified MVTx and 2 with kidney); 2 (4.7 %) were retransplantations: 1 IITx, 1 MVTx, and 5 including the right colon. Thirteen patients (31%) received abdominal rectus fascia. All procedures were performed by the same surgical team. Total ischemia time was 7:53 ± 2:04 hours, and warm ischemia time was 40.2 ± 10.5 minutes. The mean length of implanted intestine was 325 ± 63 cm. Bishop-Koop ileostomy was performed in 67% of cases. In all, 16 of 42 Tx required early reoperations. The overall mean follow-up time was 41 ± 35.6 months. The mean time to PN discontinuation after Tx was 68 days (P = .001). The total number of acute cellular rejection (ACR) episodes until the last follow-up was 83; the total number of grafts lost due to ACR was 4; and the total graft lost due to chronic rejection was 3. At the time of writing, the overall 5-year patient survival is 55% (65% for IITx vs 22% for MOT; P = .0001); 60% for pediatric recipients vs 47% for adults (P = NS); 64% when the indication for ITx was SG vs 25% for non-SG (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: At this center, candidates with SG, in the absence of IFALD requiring IITx, showed the best long-term outcomes, independent of recipient age. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory for the care of intestinal failure patients, to sustain a rehabilitation and transplantation program over time.

Case Report: Multivisceral Transplantation for an Extensive Cystic Lymphangioma of the Mesenteric Root.

BACKGROUND: We report the case of a 7-year-old girl with intestinal failure owing to a cystic lymphangioma compromising the root of the mesentery, not amenable to resection, leading to intestinal failure. Oncologic treatment was attempted to reduce tumor size with no response; therefore, she was listed for multivisceral transplantation. PROCEDURE: Resection of the tumor required resection of all abdominal organs with vascular inflow and outflow. A multivisceral graft (liver, stomach, duodenum-pancreas and spleen complex, small bowel, and right colon) was implanted. For vascular reconstruction, donor's superior vena cava was sutured to the recipient's suprahepatic veins in a common patch. For arterial inflow, an arterial conduit was placed directly to the infrarenal aorta, and sutured to an aortic patch of the graft. Cold ischemia time was 8:45 hours; warm ischemia time was 35 minutes. A double-layer gastrogastric anastomosis and piloroplasty was made; and the distal reconstruction was performed with ileocolic side-to-end anastomosis that allowed to perform of a Bishop-Koop ileostomy for endoscopic monitoring. OUTCOME: The patient recovered well after the procedure and was discharged 36 days after transplantation with intestinal sufficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing cystic lymphangioma as an indication for multivisceral transplantation.

Case Report: Spleen-preserving Multivisceral Transplant for Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome.

CASE REPORT: A 24-year-old man diagnosed with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome as a child underwent multiple surgeries owing to intussusception. Pretransplant workup showed >150 polyps along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, some of them with high-grade dysplasia. Despite having intestinal sufficiency, a modified multivisceral transplantation was offered. PROCEDURE: An 18-year-old donor was procured using University of Wisconsin solution. The recipient's surgery started with a midline incision. Mobilization of the right colon and the root of the mesentery was done to isolate the superior mesenteric artery. The same maneuver was done with the left and sigmoid colon. The common bile duct was then isolated and transected at the cystic duct level. The abdominal portion of the esophagus and the proximal stomach were isolated and divided at the gastroesophageal junction. After that, the pancreas was mobilized, preserving the spleen with the splenic vessels. The distal GI tract was transacted at the level of the proximal rectum. For engraftment, an arterial conduit was placed in the infrarenal aorta and anastomosed to the graft's aortic patch. End-to-side portal reconstruction was made at the level of the portal vein, allowing performing a duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction over a 5-Fr T-tube. A hand-sewn gastrogastric anastomosis and piloroplasty were performed; the distal anastomosis was done with circular staplers. A gastrojejunostomy and a loop ileostomy were the final steps of the procedure. RESULTS: The patient stayed in intensive care for 2 days and enteral feeds were started on day 7. Currently, 23 months after transplant he is alive with an excellent quality of life.

Pretreatment Combination Reduces Remote Organ Damage Secondary to Intestinal Reperfusion Injury in Mice: Follow-up Study.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs after different surgical treatments, including intestinal transplantation. This harmful process may have an effect in remote organs, leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. Therefore, to establish strategies to attenuate local and remote damage constitutes a challenge for experimental and clinical surgeons in the intestinal surgical field. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of ischemic preconditioning and tacrolimus pretreatment applied alone and in combination against local and remote damage caused by prolonged intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse model of warm ischemia. RESULTS: Ischemic preconditioning applied alone and in combination with tacrolimus decreased histological damage (P < .05), number of apoptotic cells (P < .05), nitrosative stress (P < .01), and serum lactate dehydrogenase activity (P < .05) and lowered uremia (P < .05) compared with untreated post-reperfused intestines. Regarding remote organ damage, combination therapy was the unique condition able to attenuate lung (mainly neutrophil infiltration and hemorrhage), liver (sinusoidal congestion and hepatic vacuolization), and kidney (acute tubular necrosis and hydropic degeneration) histological alterations (P < .05), compared with the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the application of these strategies in combination to minimize the impact of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the whole organism as a strategy to prevent multiple organ dysfunction syndromes and minimize the clinical impact.

Modified liver-free multivisceral transplantation for a metastatic small bowel neuroendocrine tumor: a case report.

Neuroendocrine tumors originating from the small bowel frequently metastasize to the lymph nodes and/or liver. Although surgical extirpation of the primary tumor and locoregional metastases epitomizes the management of patients with such tumors, this is not always possible with conventional surgical techniques. Nonresectable, slow-growing tumors involving the mesenteric root represent a generally accepted indication for deceased donor intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Furthermore, vascularized sentinel forearm flaps offer opportunities for monitoring graft rejection and tailoring immunosuppression regimens. Here, we report the first documented case of modified liver-free multivisceral transplantation preceded by neoadjuvant 177-lutetium peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in a patient with a small bowel neuroendocrine tumor and extensive lymph node metastases in the mesenterium. At a follow-up of 21 months the patient is biochemically and radiologically disease-free.

Immunological status of isolated lymphoid follicles after intestinal transplantation.

Intestinal transplantation (ITx) faces the challenge of grafting a high immunogenic organ, which is certainly one of the major obstacles for intestinal allograft acceptance. The allograft has to guarantee the proper functioning of the mucosal immune machinery under immunosuppressive conditions. Recently, it has been elucidated that isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are an indispensable part of mucosal immunity to maintain IgA synthesis and consequently to control commensal microflora. No data about these follicular structures in the setting of ITx are available so far. Therefore, we addressed the question whether constitution, integrity and function of allograft ILFs are disturbed by immunosuppressive regimen. We compared allograft ILFs from terminal ileum of transplant patients with ILFs from nontransplant patients via flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. We found that host leukocytes rapidly repopulate allograft ILFs and that maintenance immunosuppressive regimen, tacrolimus and corticosteroids, does not affect their cellular integrity and function. However, allograft ILFs revealed a higher maturation state than control samples and IgA positive plasma cells were increased in number in allograft mucosa. Our results open the path for a better understanding of allograft mucosal immunity.

Short- and long-term outcomes of every graft recovered during a multi-organ procurement procedure including the intestine.

BACKGROUND: The development of intestinal transplant (Tx) programs introduces thymoglobulin donor treatment as well as an almost complete warm dissection of the abdominal organs to allocate them to different recipients. Our aim is to assess the reproducibility and feasibility of the surgical technique of multi-organ procurement with the use of thymoglobulin donor pre-treatment and report the short- and long-term outcomes of every graft harvested as part of multi-organ procurement (MTOp), including the intestine. METHODS: Data were collected of all organs harvested from MTOp, including the intestines allocated to our center from March 2006 to July 2011. Data from 92 recipients and 116 organs procured from 29 MTOp were analyzed. Twelve hearts, 2 lungs, and 1 cardio-pulmonary block were transplanted; primary graft dysfunction developed in 4 of the 12 hearts and in the cardio-pulmonary block. RESULTS: The survival rate was 75% and 100% for hearts and lungs, respectively. Nineteen livers, 9 kidney-pancreas, 19 kidneys, and 29 intestines were transplanted. Delayed graft function (DGF) of the pancreas developed in 3 of 9 kidney-pancreas, and the other 3 exhibited DGF of the kidney; 4 of 19 Tx kidneys had DGF. The survival was 84%, 78%, 95%, and 65.5% for livers, kidney-pancreas, kidneys, and intestines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Organs procured during MTOp including the intestine can be safely used, increasing organ availability and transplant applicability without compromising allocation, quality, and long-term results of the non-intestinal-procured organs.

Hallazgos en tomografía computada multidetector en el diagnóstico del carcinoma hepatocelular en pacientes con cirrosis y su correlación con la anatomía patológica del explante hepático / Findings in multidetector computed tomography in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis and correlation with pathology of liver explants

Objetivos: Describir el comportamiento imagenológico del hepatocarcinoma en pacientes con cirrosis utilizando la tomografía computada multidetector (TCMD) dinámica y correlacionar los hallazgos con el grado histológico de los tumores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, donde se evaluaron 51 nódulos de 32 pacientes trasplantados de hígado con diagnóstico de cirrosis. La anatomía patológica del explante fue utilizada como referencia y los nódulos con histología de hepatocarcinoma fueron analizados retrospectivamente en las tomografías computadas efectuadas antes del trasplante. Las tomografías se llevaron a cabo con técnica dinámica, evaluando las características más frecuentes reportadas en la literatura: realce arterial, lavado del realce, cápsula y vasos arteriales intratumorales. Resultados: Cuarenta y seis de 51 (90%) tumores mostraron realce arterial. De estos 46 tumores, 39 (85%) mostraron lavado del realce en la fase portal y/o tardía. De los 51, 5 (10%) fueron hipovasculares, 22 (43%) presentaron cápsula y 12 (24%) mostraron vasos arteriales intratumorales. La combinación de hallazgos más frecuente fue la asociación de realce arterial y lavado del realce en la fase portal-tardía (39/51 tumores: 76%), y el grado histológico más usual fue el II en 35 tumores (69%). Se hallaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el grado histológico de los tumores y los comportamientos imagenológicos realce arterial e hipovascular. Conclusión: En nuestra población, el hallazgo tomográfico de realce arterial con lavado del realce en tiempo portal y/o tardío fue observado en la mayoría de los tumores. Esto coincide con publicaciones anteriores y contribuye a fortalecer el valor de estos criterios para el diagnóstico del hepatocarcinoma...

Objectives: To describe the imagenological behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients using a dynamic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) technique, and correlate these fi ndings with histological tumor grades.Materials and methods: A retrospective, descriptive observational study was conducted to evaluate 51 nodules in 32 liver transplant patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. The pathology of liver explants was used as a reference. Nodules with hepatocellular carcinoma histopathology were retrospectively analyzed by computed tomography scans performed pre-transplant. Using a dynamic multidetector computed tomography technique, we evaluated the mos common imagenological behavior reported in the literature: arterial enhancement, washout, capsule, and intratumoral arterial vessels.Results: Forty-six of 51 (90%) tumors showed arterial enhancement. Of the 46 tumors with arterial enhancement, 39 (85%) had washout in portal-late phase. Five of 51 (10%) were hypovascular. Twenty-two of 51 (43%) had capsule and 12 of 51 (24%) showed intratumoral arterial vessels. The more frequent image combination was the combination of arterial enhancement and washout (39 of 51 tumors or 76%). The most frequent histological grade was II (35 of 51 tumors or 69%). Statistically signifi cant relationships were found between histological grade tumors and imagenological behavior: arterial enhancement and hypovascular. Conclusion: In our population, arterial enhancement with washout in portal-late phases was observed in most of the tumors. Our results are consistent with previously reported studies, demonstrating the high reliability of this imaging pattern for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma...

Hallazgos en tomografia computada multidetector en el diagnóstico del carcinoma hepatocelular en pacientes con cirrosis y su correlación con la anatomia patológica del explante hepático / Findings in multidetector computed tomography in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis and correlation with pathology of liver explants

Objetivos: Describir el comportamiento imagenológico del hepatocarcinoma en pacientes con cirrosis utilizando la tomografía computada multidetector (TCMD) dinámica y correlacionar los hallazgos con el grado histológico de los tumores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, donde se evaluaron 51 nódulos de 32 pacientes trasplantados de hígado con diagnóstico de cirrosis. La anatomía patológica del explante fue utilizada como referencia y los nódulos con histología de hepatocarcinoma fueron analizados retrospectivamente en las tomografías computadas efectuadas antes del trasplante. Las tomografías se llevaron a cabo con técnica dinámica, evaluando las características más frecuentes reportadas en la literatura: realce arterial, lavado del realce, cápsula y vasos arteriales intratumorales. Resultados: Cuarenta y seis de 51 (90%) tumores mostraron realce arterial. De estos 46 tumores, 39 (85%) mostraron lavado del realce en la fase portal y/o tardía. De los 51, 5 (10%) fueron hipovasculares, 22 (43%) presentaron cápsula y 12 (24%) mostraron vasos arteriales intratumorales. La combinación de hallazgos más frecuente fue la asociación de realce arterial y lavado del realce en la fase portal-tardía (39/51 tumores: 76%), y el grado histológico más usual fue el II en 35 tumores (69%). Se hallaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el grado histológico de los tumores y los comportamientos imagenológicos realce arterial e hipovascular. Conclusión: En nuestra población, el hallazgo tomográfico de realce arterial con lavado del realce en tiempo portal y/o tardío fue observado en la mayoría de los tumores. Esto coincide con publicaciones anteriores y contribuye a fortalecer el valor de estos criterios para el diagnóstico del hepatocarcinoma.(AU)

Objectives: To describe the imagenological behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients using a dynamic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) technique, and correlate these fi ndings with histological tumor grades. Materials and methods: A retrospective, descriptive observational study was conducted to evaluate 51 nodules in 32 liver transplant patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. The pathology of liver explants was used as a reference. Nodules with hepatocellular carcinoma histopathology were retrospectively analyzed by computed tomography scans performed pre-transplant. Using a dynamic multidetector computed tomography technique, we evaluated the mos common imagenological behavior reported in the literature: arterial enhancement, washout, capsule, and intratumoral arterial vessels. Results: Forty-six of 51 (90%) tumors showed arterial enhancement. Of the 46 tumors with arterial enhancement, 39 (85%) had washout in portal-late phase. Five of 51 (10%) were hypovascular. Twenty-two of 51 (43%) had capsule and 12 of 51 (24%) showed intratumoral arterial vessels. The more frequent image combination was the combination of arterial enhancement and washout (39 of 51 tumors or 76%). The most frequent histological grade was II (35 of 51 tumors or 69%). Statistically signifi cant relationships were found between histological grade tumors and imagenological behavior: arterial enhancement and hypovascular. Conclusion: In our population, arterial enhancement with washout in portal-late phases was observed in most of the tumors. Our results are consistent with previously reported studies, demonstrating the high reliability of this imaging pattern for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.(AU)

Ischemic preconditioning and tacrolimus pretreatment as strategies to attenuate intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.

The intestine is highly sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), a phenomenon occurring in different intestinal diseases. Several strategies to mitigate IRI are in experimental stages; unfortunately, no consensus has been reached about the most appropriate one. We report a protocol to study ischemic preconditioning (IPC) evaluation in mice and to combine IPC and tacrolimus (TAC) pretreatment in a warm ischemia model. Mice were divided into treated (IPC, TAC, and IPC + TAC) and untreated groups before intestinal ischemia. IPC, TAC, and IPC + TAC groups were able to decrease postreperfusion nitrites levels (P < .05). IPC-containing groups had a major beneficial effect by preserving the integrity of the intestinal histology (P < .05) and improving animal survival (P < .002) compared with TAC alone or the untreated group. The IPC + TAC group was the only one that showed significant improvement in lung histological analysis (P < .05). The TAC and IPC + TAC groups down-regulated intestinal expression of interleukin (II)-6 and IL1b more than 10-fold compared with the control group. Although IPC and TAC alone reduced intestinal IRI, the used of a combined therapy produced the most significant results in all the local and distant evaluated parameters.

Intrapancreatic common hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, a challenging anatomic variation in a multiorgan harvesting.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding abdominal vascular anatomy is crucial for multiorgan recovery. In this case report, we have described a common hepatic artery that arises from the superior mesenteric artery but follows an intrapancreatic course. METHODS: The donor was ideal for multiorgan recovery and the recipient was a 29-year-old woman awaiting a second transplant owing to primary nonfunction of her first engrafted organ. The indication for transplantation was secondary biliary cirrhosis. A type I diabetic recipient on dialysis therapy was awaiting the kidney and pancreas. RESULTS: The urgent condition of our liver recipient combined with the anatomical finding prioritized liver procurement, therefore the pancreas was discarded. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of all anatomic variations will allow us to improve the use of the scarce resource of deceased donor organs.

Defining the nonreturn time for intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in mice.

Among the abdominal organs, the intestine is probably the most sensitive to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), a phenomenon that occurs in many intestinal disorders. Few studies have reported in detail the impact of intestinal ischemia time in mice. We evaluated the effect of various warm intestinal ischemia times in an intestinal IRI model in mice. Adult male Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups that differed in intestinal ischemia time: G1, 30; minutes; G2, 35 minutes; G3, 40 minutes; and G4, 45 minutes. Histological evaluation showed average Park scores as follows: G1 0.6 ± 0.55; G2 1.8 ± 0.45; G3 4.8 ± 2.25; and G4 5 ± 1.79. All animals from G1 survived 30 hours. G2 animals showed intermediate behavior with all succumbing between 18 and 30 hours postprocedure. G3 and G4 displayed similar survival results with animals succumbing before 6 hours after intestinal reperfusion. These data showed that Park index scores of 3 or higher were related to early death. We concluded that the 5 minutes between 35 and 40 minutes is the critical limit, after which all mice die after reperfusion. This result may represent a valuable tool for future research in mice.

What is the normal small bowel length in humans? first donor-based cohort analysis.

Normal small bowel length (SBL) has been reported within a wide range, but never studied in a cohort of either pediatric or adult deceased donors. Between 5/2006 and 2/2011, SBL was measured in all grafts procured for intestinal transplantation at a single center and used for either isolated intestinal transplant (15) or multiorgan transplants (5) employing a standardized method. SBL was the only not significantly different variable among pediatric and adult donors divided by age 16. Furthermore, donors were classified in 3 groups: group 1: Height < 70 cm, group 2: 71-150 cm and group 3: ≥ 151 cm. Mean age was: 0.58, 5.6, 22.01 years, respectively. Mean height and weight were 65.8, 123.2, 166.1 cm (p = 0.001) and 6.9, 23.8, 65.2 kg (p = 0.001), for each group. The SBL by group was: 283.0, 324.7, 356.0 cm, remaining as the only nonsignificant variable (p = 0.06), in contrast to BMI, BSA (p = 0.001). The SBL/height ratio: 4.24, 2.7, 2.12 (p = 0.001; rho: -0.623) or SBL/BSA ratio was 8.36, 3.7, and 2.03, respectively (p : 0.0001; rho: -0.9). SBL does not increase with growth like other anthropometric variables. The SBL/height ratio significantly decreases with growth; however, bowel diameter increases, which needs further evaluation.