Biochemical composition of the pericarp cell wall of popcorn inbred lines with different popping expansion.

The popping expansion is a characteristic that is positively related with the quality of popcorn. A positive correlation between the volume of expansion and the thickness of the pericarp, and between the proportion of the opaque/shiny endosperm and the grain weight and volume, were postulated. However, there are no reports in the literature that address the importance of cell wall components in the popping expansion. Here, we investigate the biochemical composition of the pericarp cell walls of three inbred lines of popcorn with different popping expansion. Inbred lines GP12 (expansion volume >40 mL g-1), P11 (expansion volume 30 mL g-1) and P16 (expansion volume 14 mL g-1) were used for the analysis and quantification of monosaccharides by HPAEC-PAD, and ferulic and p-coumaric acids and lignin by HPLC. Our hypothesis is that the biochemical composition of the pericarp cell walls may be related to greater or lesser popping expansion. Our data suggest that the lignin content and composition contribute to popping expansion. The highest concentration of lignin (129.74 µg mg-1; 12.97%) was detected in the pericarp cell wall of the GP12 inbred line with extremely high popping expansion, and the lowest concentration (113.52 µg mg-1; 11.35%) was observed in the P16 inbred line with low popping expansion. These findings may contribute to indicating the quantitative trait locus for breeding programs and to developing other methods to improve the popping expansion of popcorn.

Genetic and Phytochemical Analysis to Evaluate the Diversity and Relationships of Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) Elite Genetic Resources in a Germplasm Collection.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical and genetic diversity, relationships and identification of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) elite genetic resources belonging to the Brazilian germplasm collection and mate breeding program. Mate has been studied due to the presence of phytochemical compounds, especially methylxanthines and phenolic compounds. The samples were collected from the leaves of 76 mate elite genetic resources (16 progenies × 5 localities). Total DNA was extracted from mate leaves and 20 random primers were used for DNA amplification. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine) and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and criptochlorogenic acids) were quantified by HPLC. The genetic divergence estimated was higher within (92%) than among (8%) the different populations. Analysis of genetic distance between origins provided the formation of two groups by UPGMA cluster analysis, with higher polymorphism (94.9%). The average content of caffeine ranged from 0.01 to 1.38% and theobromine of 0.10 - 0.85% (w/w). The caffeoylquinic acids concentrations (1.43 - 5.38%) showed a gradient 3-CQA > 5-CQA > 4-CQA. The coefficient of genetic variation (CVg) was of low magnitude for all mono-caffeoylquinics acids. Significant correlations (positive and negative) were observed between the phytochemical compounds. Genetic diversity analysis performed by RAPD markers showed a greater intra-populational diversity; genetic resources with low caffeine and higher theobromine content were identified and can be used in breeding programs; the correlation between methylxanthines and phenolic compounds can be used as a good predictor in future studies.

Genetic control on the performance of common bean differential cultivars to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races

The aim of this work was to perform genetic control on differential cultivars Michelite, Michigan Dark Red Kidney, Perry Marrow, Cornell 49-242, PI 207262, AB 136 and G 2333 and its diallel hybrids by using Hayman's methodology. The entire F1s populations were evaluated in relation to race 89, whereas the race 31, the diallel scheme did not include the cultivar G 2333. The results showed that the additive effects were predominant for the 31 race, while non-additive effects were more important for race 89. The results demonstrated a high coefficient of genetic determination for the race 31. The G 2333, AB 136 and PI 207262 cultivars should be recommended obtaining cultivar resistant to anthracnose by backcross programs because theyshowed the highest proportion of resistant dominant alleles for the races 31 and 89.

Dentre as várias doenças que causam problemas no cultivo de feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), uma das mais importantes é a antracnose causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Saac. et Magn.) Scrib., a qual pode resultar em severas perdas na produtividade de grãos. O controle genético, nas cultivares diferenciais Michelite, Michigan Dark Red Kidney, Perry Marrow, Cornell 49-242, PI 207262, AB 136 e G 2333 e seus 21 híbridos dialélicos, foi obtido usando a metodologia de Hayman (1954). Todas as populações F1s foram avaliadas em relação à raça 89, enquanto que os híbridos envolvendo a cultivar G 2333 não foram avaliados com a raça 31. Os resultados demonstraram que os efeitos aditivos foram predominantes para a raça 31, enquanto os efeitos gênicos não aditivos foram mais importantes na reação de incompatibilidade das cultivares a raça 89. Os resultados ainda evidenciaram um elevado coeficiente de determinação genética para a raça 31. Os cultivares G 2333, AB 136 e PI 207262 são os mais indicados para programas de melhoramento visando à obtenção de cultivares resistentes à antracnose por possuírem maior proporção de alelos dominantes para resistência às raças 31 e 89.

Genetic divergence of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) group Carioca using morpho-agronomic traits by multivariate analysis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence among the common bean group Carioca by the Tocher method (based on Mahalanobis distance) and graphic dispersion of canonic variables, aiming to identify populations with wide genetic variability. Eighteen genotypes were evaluated in four seasons using a randomized block design with four replications. The mean weight of 100 seeds, in three experiments, and the mean number of pods per plant, in one experiment, were the most important characteristics for the genetic divergence, representing more than 46% of the total variation in the first canonic variable. The first two canonic variables were sufficient to explain about 88.23% of the total variation observed in the average of the four environments. The results showed that CNFC 8008 and CNFC 8009 genotypes presented the best yield averages in all the experiments. While Pérola, Princesa and CNFC 8005 cultivars were the most dissimilar for morpho-agronomic traits. Therefore, the combinations of PérolaxCNFC 8008, CNFC 8005xCNFC 8009, PérolaxCNFC 8009, PrincesaxCNFC 8008 and PrincesaxCNFC 8009 were indicated for interpopulational breeding.

Allelic relationships of anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) resistance in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Michelite and the proposal of a new anthracnose resistance gene, Co-11

The genetic resistance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Michelite to races 8 and 64 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of bean anthracnose, was characterized. Crosses were made between Michelite and Mexico 222 cultivars and the F2 population was inoculated with race 64 in order to study the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose in Michelite. The segregation of F2 population fitted in a ratio of 3R:1S, showing the presence of a dominant gene in Michelite gene conditioning resistance to race 64. Allelism tests were conducted with F2 populations derived from crosses between Michelite and AB 136, AND 277, BAT 93, Cornell 49-242, G 2333, Kaboon, Mexico 222, Michigan Dark Red Kidney (MRDK), Ouro Negro, Perry Marrow, PI 207262, TO, TU, and Widusa. All the cultivars (except Mexico 222) were resistant to race 64. While F2 derived from the Michelite x Mexico 222 was inoculated with race 8. Additionally, allelism tests indicated that the gene present in Michelite is independent from Co-1, Co-2, Co-3, Co-4, Co-5, Co-6, Co-7, Co-9 and Co-10 genes. The monogenic inheritance observed in Michelite and the independence of this gene from those previously characterized allow the authors to propose that the anthracnose resistant gene in Michelite should be named Co-11.

Divergência genética em germoplasma de feijoeiro comun coletado no estado do Paraná, Brasil / Genetic divergence in germplasm of common bean inParaná State, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a divergência genética entre 63 cultivares crioulas de feijão comun )Phaseolus vulgaris L.) coletados no estado do Paraná no período de 2001 a 2001. O experiemnto foi conduzido em área experimental localizada no município de Toledo, Pr, no ano de 2002. O delineamento experiemntal utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. os dados obtidos em cada característica foram submetidos à análise de variância considerando-se o efeito da cultivar como fixo. A análise multivariada foi usada para avaliar a divergência genética entre os genótipos utilizando-se as variáveis Canônicas e o método de agrupamento com base na Distância Generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2ii). As cultivares mais divergentes foram Carioca Pitoco e Jalo Vermelho e as mais similares foram Carioca Pitoco e Carioca. Esses resultados evidenciaram a existência de variabilidade genética nas cultivares de feijão utilizadas pelos agricultores e os que métodos e análise multivariadas demonstraram eficiência em detectá-la separando em grupos diferentes as cultivares Carioca e Jalo. As cultivares Carnaval (33), Carioca Pitoco (16), Pérola (14) e Carnaval (27), por apresentarem maiores produtividades e serem mais divergentes, são indicadas para gerar populações em programas de seleção interpopulacional

The present work had objective to evaluate the genetic divergence among 63 traditional cultivars of thecommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) collected in Paraná state in the period 2001-2002. The experimentwas carried out in an experimental area in 2002 in the county Toledo, PR. The experimental design was arandomized block with three replications. The Multivariate was used to evaluate the divergence amongthe genotypes, utilizing the Canonic Variable analysis and clustering, based on the GeneralizedMahalanobis Distance (2'iiD) for the quantitative variables. The results demonstrated that the mostdivergent cultivars were Carioca Pitoco and Jalo vermelho, whereas the most similar were Carioca Pitocoand Carioca. These results point out the existence of genetic variability in common bean cultivars usedby farmers, and multivariate analysis methods demonstrated efficiency to detect them, separating thecultivars Carioca and Jalo in different groups. Therefore, in order to compose the interpopulation selectionprograms the Carnaval (33), Carioca Pitoco (16), Pérola (14) and Carnaval (27) cultivars are recommendbecause they are the most divergent ones and possess one of the best averages in productivity

Inferências genéticas em cultivares diferenciadoras de feijoeiro comun ao Colletotrichum lindemuthianum raça 69 / Genetic inferences in common bean differential cultivars to colletotrichum lindemuthianum race 69

A antracnose, causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc. cet Magn, é uma das mais importantes doenças e pode causar severas perdas ao cultivo do feijão comun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Inferências genéticas sobre a resistência de sete cultivares diferenciais de feijão comun (Michelite, Michegan dark Red Kidney, Perry Marrow, Cornell 49-242, PI 207262, AB 136, G 2333) e seus 21 híbridos dialélicos foram obtidas em relação à raça 69, por meio da metodologia de Hayman. Os resultados mostraram que os efeitos dominantes foram superiores aos aditivos para resistência à referida raça. A ordem dos parentais em relação à concentração de genes dominantes obtida foi: G 2333, AB 136, PI 207262, Cornell 49-242, Michigan Dark Red Kidney, Perry Marrow e Michelite. Os parentais G 2333, AB 136 e PI 707262 são os mais indicados para programas de melhoramento visando à obtenção de cultivares resistentes à antracnose

A antracnose, causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Sacc cet Magn, é uma das maisimportantes doenças e pode causar severas perdas ao cultivo do feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Inferências genéticas sobre a resistência de sete cultivares diferenciais de feijão comum (Michelite,Michigan Dark Red Kidney, Perry Marrow, Cornell 49-242, PI 207262, AB 136, G 2333) e seus 21 híbridosdialélicos foram obtidas em relação à raça 69, por meio da metodologia de Hayman. Os resultadosmostraram que os efeitos dominantes foram superiores aos aditivos para resistência à referida raça. Aordem dos parentais em relação à concentração de genes dominantes obtida foi: G 2333, AB 136, PI207262, Cornell 49-242, Michigan Dark Red Kidney, Perry Marrow e Michelite. Os parentais G 2333, AB136 e PI 707262 são os mais indicados para programas de melhoramento visando à obtenção de cultivaresresistentes à antracnose