Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Biotoxins in Yantai City: A 10-Year Spatiotemporal Monitoring Study.

Unsafe food causes 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420,000 deaths every year. Meanwhile, biological toxins such as poisonous mushrooms, saponins, and aflatoxin can cause significant damage to humans. Therefore, it is particularly important to study foodborne disease outbreaks caused by biotoxins (FDOB). We collected FDOB in Yantai City from 2013 to 2022 and further established a corresponding database. Statistical analysis was carried out according to time, place, pathogen, and contamination of pathogenic factors. There were 128 FDOB, resulting in 417 patients and 6 deaths. The third quarter was a high season for foodborne disease outbreaks, the number of events, patients and deaths accounted for 65.63% (84/128), 55.88% (233/417), and 100% (6/6) of the total number, respectively. The highest number of outbreaks per 10,000 persons was Qixia (0.41), followed by Zhifu (0.36) and Laiyang (0.33). The top three causes of outbreaks were poisonous mushroom toxin, saponins and hemagglutinin, and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Sixty-five (50.78%) outbreaks were attributed to poisonous mushroom toxin, 18 (14.06%) outbreaks to saponin and hemagglutinin, and 12 (9.38%) outbreaks to L. siceraria (Molina) Standl. The largest number of outbreaks, patients and deaths all occurred in families, accounting for 82.81% (106/128) outbreaks, 66.19% (276/417) patients, and 100% (6/6) deaths, respectively. Followed by catering service establishments, accounting for 14.84% (19/128), 30.22% (126/417), and 0% (0/6), respectively. The main poisoning link of outbreaks was ingestion and misuse, accounting for 72.66% (93/128), followed by improper processing, accounting for 20.31% (26/128). It is necessary to carry out targeted family publicity and education, strengthen the integration of medical and prevention, explore innovative monitoring and early warning mechanisms for foodborne diseases, and reduce the occurrence of underreporting of foodborne disease outbreaks.

Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of folic acid and resveratrol in spontaneously hypertensive rats combined with hyperhomocysteinemia.

Objectives: Studies have found that both folic acid and resveratrol have potential benefits in reducing complications of hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of resveratrol and folic acid on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats combined with hyperhomocystinemia, and to explore their potential mechanisms. Methods: Twenty-four male specific pathogen free (SPF) SPF grade spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into four groups: the SHR group, the hypertension combined with hyperhomocystinemia group (SHR + HHcy), the folic acid intervention group (SHR + HHcy + FA), and the resveratrol intervention group (SHR + HHcy + Res). The rat model of hypertension combined with hyperhomocystinemia was constructed, and then folic acid or resveratrol were given by gavage. Rat tail artery blood pressure, serum homocysteine concentration, superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and mRNA transcription and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and angiotensin II were detected. Result: Compared with the SHR group, the SHR + HHcy group significantly increased hyperhomocystinemia and malondialdehyde levels, and inhibited superoxide dismutase activity and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression. Compared with the SHR + HHcy group, the SHR + HHcy + FA group significantly reduced hyperhomocystinemia and malondialdehyde levels, and significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression; the SHR + HHcy + Res group also inhibited malondialdehyde levels and promoted endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, but did not reduce hyperhomocystinemia. When comparing between the SHR + HHcy + FA group and the SHR + HHcy + Res group, folic acid significantly decreased hyperhomocystinemia and increased superoxide dismutase activity, while resveratrol significantly decreased blood pressure and angiotensin II expression. Conclusions: Both resveratrol and folic acid reduced the levels of oxidative stress and promoted the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in SHRs combined with hyperhomocystinemia. Moreover, resveratrol exhibited superior antihypertensive efficacy compared to folic acid, potentially attributed to its ability to inhibit angiotensin II expression.

Resource Allocation Efficiency of Urban Medical and Health Financial Expenditure Under the Background of Employees' Health.

Introduction: The study proposes a method based on difference-in-differences (DID) to improve the resource allocation efficiency of medical and health financial expenditure to better guarantee the health level of enterprise employees. The DEA method is utilized to measure the comprehensive technology, pure technology, and scale as the resource allocation efficiency values of urban medical and health financial expenditure. Methods: The proposed method includes the use of DEA to measure the resource allocation efficiency values of urban medical and health financial expenditure. The benchmark regression model and DID model are used to analyze the impact effect, robustness, and parallel trend of the policy. Results: The study shows that the proposed method effectively evaluates and analyzes the impact of medical comprehensive reform on the resource allocation efficiency of urban medical and health financial expenditure. The comprehensive medical reform can improve the comprehensive efficiency and scale efficiency of urban medical and health financial expenditure, leading to improved resource allocation efficiency of urban employees' medical and health financial expenditure. The results also indicate a significant positive effect on the time trend, which can have a long-term impact and effectiveness. Discussion: The proposed method can provide useful insights into the resource allocation efficiency of medical and health financial expenditure, which can help improve the health level of enterprise employees. The study suggests that comprehensive medical reform can be an effective way to improve resource allocation efficiency and guarantee the health of employees in urban areas. Further research can be conducted to evaluate the impact of medical reform on other aspects of health care, such as quality and accessibility.

[Dietary exposure risk assessment of deoxynivalenol of Shandong resident intakes from steamed buns in 2016].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the deoxynivalenol(DON) contamination level of steamed buns sold in market of Shandong Province, and assess the dietary exposure risk of DON from steamed buns to residents of Shandong Province. METHODS: DON contaminated steamed buns sold in the market were collected by the simple random sampiling method in July of 2016 was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. The exposure daily intake(EDI) and the hazard quotient(HQ) of DON intake from steamed buns to residents of Shandong Province was calculated based on Monte Carlo. RESULTS: Among 105 samples, the contamination rate of DON was 100%. The mean value of DON was 111. 10 µg/kg, and the maximum was 848. 33 µg/kg that less than the limit value, 1000 µg/kg of DON in GB 2761-2017, 100 percent pass rate. The mean EDI of groups for steamed buns eater population were higher than that of entire population. 7-12 years old groups had the highest mean EDI that was 1. 04 µg/kg and 1. 32 µg/kg respectively for entire population and steamed buns eater population. The HQ of DON intake from steamed buns for different population groups presents a multi-probability distribution. It was 83. 5% of entire population and 80. 4% of steamed buns eater population that the DON health risk were at a safe level. The unacceptability probability values of DON health risk were 29. 9% and 35. 5%, respectively for the 7-12 years old groups of entire population and steamed buns eater population. There was 0. 1%-1. 1% of entire population and steamed buns eater population which HQ was equal or greater than 10, and the main risk sensitive factor was the DON content of steamed buns. CONCLUSION: The steamed buns sold in market of Shandong Province were generally contaminated DON. The DON content of steamed buns was at qualified level although which had significant difference of different region. Not only the entire population but also steamed buns eater population of Shandong residents had health risk hazards of DON from steamed buns, and the probability values were 16. 5%, 19. 6%, respectively. The probability values of HQ that was equal or greater than 10 were 0. 1% and 0. 2% of the entire population and steamed buns eater population. The 7-12 years old groups were a high-risk group that dietary exposure risk of DON were derived from steamed buns.