Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation Improves Postoperative Sleep Quality in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to observe the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the postoperative sleep quality of patients undergoing gastrointestinal tumor surgery and to verify the possible mechanism. METHODS: Eighty-three patients were allocated to the TEAS or Sham group. Patients in the TEAS group received TEAS treatment (disperse-dense waves; frequency, 2/100 Hz) on bilateral Shenmen (HT7), Neiguan (PC6) and Zusanli (ST36) points for 30 min each time, total three times in the perioperative period. In the Sham group, electrodes were placed; however, no current was given. Sleep quality was assessed on the day before surgery (P1) and the first and third days after surgery (D1 and D3) using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Postoperative pain was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS) 72 h postoperatively. The incidences of abdominal distension, dizziness, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pulmonary complications were recorded. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of key factors of oxidative stress and key molecules of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signal pathway were measured. RESULTS: TEAS ameliorated sleep quality at D1 and D3 (PSQI P < 0.05, AIS P < 0.05) and decreased postoperative pain as demonstrated by lower VAS scores compared to the Sham group (P < 0.05). The incidences of abdominal distension and PONV were also lower in the TEAS group. Markers of oxidative stress were increased (P < 0.05), and the serum concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly lower in the TEAS group. The key mediators of the Nrf2/ARE pathway were enhanced after TEAS. CONCLUSION: Perioperative TEAS improved postoperative sleep quality, reduced postoperative pain and alleviated postoperative adverse effects in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal tumor surgery resection. This may be associated with activating Nrf2/ARE signal pathway and decreasing its inflammatory actions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx ), ChiCTR2100054971.

The SMARCA4R1157W mutation facilitates chromatin remodeling and confers PRMT1/SMARCA4 inhibitors sensitivity in colorectal cancer.

Genomic studies have demonstrated a high frequency of genetic alterations in components of the SWI/SNF complex including the core subunit SMARCA4. However, the mechanisms of tumorigenesis driven by SMARCA4 mutations, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC), remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a specific, hotspot mutation in SMARCA4 (c. 3721C>T) which results in a conversion from arginine to tryptophan at residue 1157 (R1157W) in human CRC tissues associated with higher-grade tumors and controls CRC progression. Mechanistically, we found that the SMARCA4R1157W mutation facilitated its recruitment to PRMT1-mediated H4R3me2a (asymmetric dimethylation of Arg 3 in histone H4) and enhanced the ATPase activity of SWI/SNF complex to remodel chromatin in CRC cells. We further showed that the SMARCA4R1157W mutant reinforced the transcriptional expression of EGFR and TNS4 to promote the proliferation of CRC cells and patient-derived tumor organoids. Importantly, we demonstrated that SMARCA4R1157W CRC cells and mutant cell-derived xenografts were more sensitive to the combined inhibition of PRMT1 and SMARCA4 which act synergistically to suppress cell proliferation. Together, our findings show that SMARCA4-R1157W is a critical activating mutation, which accelerates CRC progression through facilitating chromatin recruitment and remodeling. Our results suggest a potential precision therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRC patients carrying the SMARCA4R1157W mutation.

Monitoring diacylglycerols in biofluids by non-isotopically paired charge derivatization combined with LC-MS/MS.

Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are important lipid mediators in cellular signaling transduction and metabolism. Imbalanced production or consumption of DAGs has a negative impact on the physiological functions of the body. However, comprehensive monitoring of structurally diverse DAGs remains a daunting task due to the rapid metabolism and ion suppression characteristics in biofluids. These bottlenecks call for developing a method that enables sensitive quantification of DAGs in biological sample. In this work, a straightforward charge derivatization strategy was developed to insert a series of structure analogs charge label, i.e., N, N-dimethylglycine (DMG) and N, N-dimethylalanine (DMA), on the free hydroxyl group of the DAGs. Owing to the existence of tertiary amino groups in charge label, the mass spectrometry ionization response of the derivatized DAGs was significantly increased in comparison with traditional metal ion adducts. After charge derivatization, the specific neutral loss diagnostic ions (DMG, 103 Da and DMA, 117 Da) were captured by mass spectrometry. Then, the DMG/DMA-oriented paired multiple reaction monitoring methods based on the characteristic diagnostic ions of the derivatized DAGs have been developed as sensitive methods for the detection (detection limit = 16 aM) and quantification (quantification limit = 62.5 aM) of DAGs in serum. Moreover, the tagged 1,2-DAGs and 1,3-DAGs sn-isomers have been well separated on the reversed-phase column in combination with ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, metabolic characterizations of the tagged DAGs were further explored in L-Arginine-induced acute pancreatitis mice and resveratrol treated model mice. The results indicated that 1,2-DAGs were increased in the serum of model mice relative to normal controls and resveratrol significantly altered this metabolic abnormality. The currently established DMG/DMA-oriented paired charge derivatization strategy is promising for depicting DAGs changes more accurately in metabolic studies of lipid-related diseases and accurately evaluating drug treatment strategies.

Methods for Collection of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Content RNA as Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer Detection: Application of Differential Centrifugation and Annexin A5 Coated Beads.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain abundant extracellular RNA (exRNA), which can be a valuable source of liquid biopsy. However, as various RNA species exist in different types of EVs, lack of detailed characterization of these RNA species and efficient collection methods limits the clinical application of exRNA. In the present study, we measured two mRNAs, CK19 and PCTK1; one lncRNA, MALAT1; and two miRNAs, miR21 and miR155, in different EV fractions separated by differential centrifugation or captured by magnetic beads coated with annexin A5 (ANX beads). The results showed that in a cultured medium, the majority of mRNA and lncRNA exist in larger EVs, whereas miRNA exist in both large and small EVs from the differential centrifugation fractions. All these RNA species exist in ANX beads captured EVs. We then used ANX beads to capture EVs in plasma samples from non-small-cell lung cancer patients and age-matched healthy volunteers. We found that the ANX bead capturing could efficiently improve RNA detection from human plasma, compared with direct extraction of RNA from plasma. Using ANX-bead capturing and reverse transcription and quantitative PCR, we detected significantly higher levels of CK19 mRNA, MALAT1 lncRNA, and miR155 miRNA in the plasma of lung cancer patients. These facts suggested the collection methods strongly affect the results of exRNA measurement from EVs, and that ANX beads can be a useful tool for detecting exRNA from plasma samples in clinical application.

Potential efficacious materials investigation of Yi-Yi Mixture based on Metabolome-oriented network pharmacology strategy.

Yi-Yi Mixture, an efficient Chinese medicine preparation composed of four herbal medicines, has been used in clinical practice in China for the treatment of acute pancreatitis over twenty years. However, its functional materials against acute pancreatitis remains unclear, which is a huge obstacle for quality control. In this study, a metabolome-oriented network pharmacology strategy was proposed to clarify its potential substances and further screen out quality markers. Firstly, an Ultra-High performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was utilized to profile the chemical constituents in Yi-Yi Mixture. Secondly, metabolic exposure of chemical constituents as well as their global metabolites produced in biological systems were profiled and defined as metabolome of Yi-Yi Mixture. Then, the metabolome targets were predicted based on network analysis. As a result, a total of 66 chemical components were characterized, including 6 stilbenes, 21 anthraquinones, 7 phenols, 13 neolignans, 3 naphthalenes and 16 other types. Moreover, metabolic profiles of YYM (32 prototypes and 37 metabolites) were analyzed in rat bio-samples. Among them, resveratrol, emodin, chrysophanol, rhein and their derivatives were detected in multiple tissues/organs, revealing their potential as key pharmacodynamic substances. These were further confirmed by metabolome-oriented network analysis and molecular docking techniques. This is the first comprehensive investigation on chemical and metabolic profiles of Yi-Yi Mixture, and the results provided scientific foundation for further research on quality control and clinical-safe medication administration.

Avoidance of urinary drainage during perioperative period of open elective colonic resection within enhanced recovery after surgery programme.

BACKGROUND: Urinary catheterization (UC) is a conventional perioperative measure for major abdominal operation. Optimization of perioperative catheter management is an essential component of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme. We aimed to investigate the risk factors of urinary retention (UR) after open colonic resection within the ERAS protocol and to assess the feasibility of avoiding urinary drainage during the perioperative period. METHODS: A total of 110 colonic-cancer patients undergoing open elective colonic resection between July 2014 and May 2018 were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated within our ERAS protocol during the perioperative period. Data on patients' demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, and perioperative outcomes were collected and analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients (61.8%) underwent surgery without any perioperative UC. Thirty patients (27.3%) received indwelling UC during the surgical procedure. Twelve (10.9%) cases developed UR after surgery necessitating UC. Although patients with intraoperative UC had a lower incidence of post-operative UR [0% (0/30) vs 15% (12/80), P = 0.034], intraoperative UC was not testified as an independent protective factor in multivariate logistic analysis. The history of prostatic diseases and the body mass index were strongly associated with post-operative UR. Six patients were diagnosed with post-operative urinary-tract infection, among whom two had intraoperative UC and four were complicated with post-operative UR requiring UC. CONCLUSION: Avoidance of urinary drainage for open elective colonic resection is feasible with the implementation of the ERAS programme as the required precondition. Obesity and a history of prostatic diseases are significant predictors of post-operative UR.

Radiomics for Diagnosis and Radiotherapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumor of the head and neck. The primary clinical manifestations are nasal congestion, blood-stained nasal discharge, headache, and hearing loss. It occurs frequently in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and especially in southern China. Radiotherapy is the main treatment, and currently, imaging examinations used for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NPC include computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, and PET-MRI. These methods play an important role in target delineation, radiotherapy planning design, dose evaluation, and outcome prediction. However, the anatomical and metabolic information obtained at the macro level of images may not meet the increasing accuracy required for radiotherapy. As a technology used for mining deep image information, radiomics can provide further information for the diagnosis and treatment of NPC and promote individualized precision radiotherapy in the future. This paper reviews the application of radiomics in the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Pillararene-based AIEgens: research progress and appealing applications.

As a photophysical phenomenon, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was proposed by Tang in 2001. Due to their excellent fluorescence emission performance, AIEgens and AIE-based fluorescence materials have shown great application potential in a wide range of science fields. Hence, exploring new AIEgens and construction of novel AIE materials are especially vital. In addition, as a new class of macrocyclic hosts, pillararenes have shown excellent performance in supramolecular chemistry. Interestingly, pillararenes also exhibited fairly bright application prospects in the AIE area: firstly, some research studies suggested that pillararenes could serve as a novel AIEgen with considerable fluorescence emission in the aggregated state; moreover, they could also participate in the construction of AIE materials and have potential application in various areas. In this review, we summarised the recent development of pillararene-based AIE materials from the following aspects: pillararenes as novel AIEgens, the TPE functionalized pillararene-based AIE materials, the pillararene-based AIE materials constructed by supramolecular assembly, and the functionalized pseudo-pillararene-based AIE materials. It is hoped that this feature article will attract increasing attention and pave a new way for the development and application of pillar[n]arene-based AIE materials in more fields.

End-of-Life Recycling Options of (Nano)Enhanced CFRP Composite Prototypes Waste-A Life Cycle Perspective.

Life cycle assessment is a methodology to assess environmental impacts associated with a product or system/process by accounting resource requirements and emissions over its life cycle. The life cycle consists of four stages: material production, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. This study highlights the need to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) early in the new product development process, as a means to assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of (nano)enhanced carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) prototypes over their entire life cycle. These prototypes, namely SleekFast sailing boat and handbrake lever, were manufactured by functionalized carbon fibre fabric and modified epoxy resin with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The environmental impacts of both have been assessed via LCA with a functional unit of '1 product piece'. Climate change has been selected as the key impact indicator for hotspot identification (kg CO2 eq). Significant focus has been given to the end-of-life phase by assessing different recycling scenarios. In addition, the respective life cycle inventories (LCIs) are provided, enabling the identification of resource hot spots and quantifying the environmental benefits of end-of-life options.

Transparency and AIE tunable supramolecular polymer hydrogel acts as TEA-HCl vapor controlled smart optical material.

Stimuli-responsive optical materials attract lots of attention due to their broad applications. Herein, a novel smart stimuli-responsive supramolecular polymer was successfully constructed using a simple tripodal quaternary ammonium-based gelator (TH). The TH self-assembles into a supramolecular polymer hydrogel (TH-G) and shows aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. Interestingly, the transparency and fluorescence of the TH-G xerogel film (TH-GF) could be reversibly regulated by use of triethylamine (TEA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapor. When alternately fumed with TEA and HCl vapor, the optical transmittance of the TH-GF was changed from 8.9% to 92.7%. Meanwhile, the fluorescence of the TH-G shows an "ON/OFF" switch. The reversible switching of the transparency and the fluorescence of the TH-GF is attributed to the assembly and disassembly of the supramolecular polymer TH-G. Based on these stimuli-response properties, the TH-GF could act as an optical material and shows potential applications as smart windows or fluorescent display material controlled by TEA and HCl vapor.

Characterization of Wood and Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) Reinforced Polymer Composites.

This paper investigates the utilization of commercial masterbatches of graphene nanoplatelets to improve the properties of neat polymer and wood fiber composites manufactured by conventional processing methods. The effect of aspect ratio of the graphene platelets (represented by the different number of layers in the nanoplatelet) on the properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is discussed. The composites were characterized for their mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, impact) and physical characteristics (morphology, crystallization, and thermal stability). The effect of the addition of nanoplatelets on the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the reinforced polymer with different contents of reinforcement was also investigated. In general, the mechanical performance of the polymer was enhanced at the presence of either of the reinforcements (graphene or wood fiber). The improvement in mechanical properties of the nanocomposite was notable considering that no compatibilizer was used in the manufacturing. The use of a masterbatch can promote utilization of nano-modified polymer composites on an industrial scale without modification of the currently employed processing methods and facilities.

Characterization of coal-based fulvic acid and the construction of a fulvic acid molecular model.

Fulvic acid (FA) is important in modern agriculture, ecological restoration, life science, and medicine. The precise characterization of the composition and molecular structure of FA has become a key scientific issue in both basic and applied research. In this study, coal-based FA was separated by microwave-assisted oxygenation from lignite originating from Inner Mongolia in China. Through elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, classical quantitative titration experiments, and quantum chemistry combined with software analysis, the representative microscopic molecular structure of FA was determined. The results show that coal-based FA mainly contains three kinds of benzene ring substituents, ether bonds, hydrogen bonds, carbonyl groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, phenolic hydroxyl groups, and semiquinonyl groups. The oxygen content is high, the carbon-to-oxygen ratio is less than 1, and the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is 1.09. The ratio of aromatic carbon to total carbon is approximately 0.6, and benzene rings are connected to each other by an ether-oxygen bridge. The fat chain length of FA is approximately 0.47. FA has a small molecular structure with many acidic groups, primarily carboxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups. The two-dimensional planar molecular structure of FA was established; the chemical formula is C38H32NO24, and the relative molecular mass is 886. The lowest-energy, structurally optimized three-dimensional characteristic ball-and-stick and stick models were also constructed. The calculated infrared spectrum of the molecular structure matches well with the experimental spectrum of FA, and the types and distributions of functional groups agree with the findings of previous studies. The quantum chemical data confirm that the proposed molecular structure is reasonable. The findings provide a scientific reference for applied research on FA in the future.

Anti-cancer effects of Polyphyllin I: An update in 5 years.

Chong-lou, the rhizome of Paris polyphylla, has been used in herbal regimes to treat parotitis, mastitis and certain malignant tumors for thousands of years in traditional medicine. Polyphyllin I (PPI) is the main bioactive component in Paris polyphylla. Recent studies of PPI in various types of cancers have shown that PPI may exert a broad spectrum of anti-tumor effects, including inducing cell cycle arrest, inducing cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, anti-angiogenesis, sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy, and participating in the modulation of inflammatory and immune response. Along with the growing research interest in PPI as well as accumulation of experimental evidences, this review periodically summarized the recent advances in regard to PPI's anti-tumor propensities in various cancers and the underlying mechanisms for future prospective research.

A novel AIE-based supramolecular polymer gel serves as an ultrasensitive detection and efficient separation material for multiple heavy metal ions.

Recently, ultrasensitive stimuli-responsive materials have received extensive attention due to their high sensitivity and wide applications. Herein, we report a novel approach to design ultrasensitive responsive materials by rationally introducing the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect into supramolecular polymer gels. According to this approach, by rationally introducing self-assembly moieties and a fluorophore, the obtained gelator DNS can act as an AIEgen; it showed strong AIE after aggregating into the supramolecular polymer gel GDNS. More interestingly, because the aggregation of DNS led to amplification of the detective signal, the AIE-based supramolecular polymer gel GDNS could ultrasensitively detect the heavy metal ions Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ by a signal amplification mechanism; the lowest detection limits reached 10-11 M. In addition, the xerogel of GDNS could adsorb and separate Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ from aqueous solution with favourable adsorption properties, and the adsorption rates ranged from 94.70% to 99.37%. Furthermore, the gel GDNS could act as a convenient test kit for Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ as well as a smart fluorescent display material.

Polyphyllin I induces apoptosis and autophagy via modulating JNK and mTOR pathways in human acute myeloid leukemia cells.

Polyphyllin I (PPI), a bioactive component extracted from Paris polyphylla, was reported to have potent anticancer activities in previous studies. However, there were few reports on the effects and underlying mechanism of PPI in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. The present study demonstrated that PPI had an inhibitory effect through inducing apoptosis and autophagy in THP-1 and NB4 cells. PPI induced apoptosis via activating JNK pathway, as evidenced by the decreased Bcl-2 levels and increased Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 and phosphorylated-JNK expressions. In addition, PPI promoted autophagy as evidenced with increased expressions of LC3-II and Beclin-1 in western blot and autophagic vacuoles in MDC staining, which was associated with the inhibition of AKT-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were employed to evaluate the role of apoptosis and autophagy in PPI-induced cell death. We found that autophagy and apoptosis were both causes of cell death induced by PPI. These data suggested that PPI could be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia.

A novel bis-component AIE smart gel with high selectivity and sensitivity to detect CN-, Fe3+ and H2PO4.

A novel bis-component AIE-gel TG was facilely constructed from two "easy-to-synthesize" tripodal gelators by a simple host-guest self-assembly process. Interestingly, the TG shows strong aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and could be used for highly efficient and sensitive detection and separation of ions (CN-, Fe3+ and H2PO4-). The LODs (limits of lowest detection) of TG for CN-, Fe3+ and H2PO4- are in the range of 4.93 × 10-9-7.80 × 10-8 M. Meanwhile, the xerogel of TG could adsorb and separate Fe3+ from aqueous solutions, and the adsorption rate is 96%. In addition, a thin film based on the TG could act as a convenient test kit for the detection of CN- and Fe3+. What is more, the TG-Fe film could not only be used as an erasable secure fluorescent display material, but also as a convenient reversible H2PO4- test kit.

Rationally introduce AIE into chemosensor: A novel and efficient way to achieving ultrasensitive multi-guest sensing.

Recently, ultrasensitive detection and multi-guest sensing have received extensive attention due to their high sensitivity and efficiency. Herein, we report a novel approach to achieve ultrasensitive detection of multi-analyte. This approach is concluded as "rationally introduce Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) into chemosensor". According to this approach, by rationally introducing self-assembly moiety, the obtained chemosensor DNS could serve as a novel AIEgen and show strong AIE in DMSO/H2O (water fraction 80%) binary solution. Interestingly, a simple fluorescent sensor array based on the DNS has been developed. This sensor array could selectively sense Fe3+, Al3+, H2PO4- and L-Arg in water solution. More importantly, this sensor array shows ultrasensitive detection for Fe3+, Al3+ and L-Arg. The LODs of the sensor array for Fe3+, Al3+ and L-Arg are in the range of 3.54×10-9M to 9.42×10-9M. Moreover, H2PO4- could realize the reversible detection of Fe3+ in the DMSO/H2O (water fraction 80%) solution. Meanwhile, DNS-based test papers and thin films were prepared, which could serve as test kits for convenient detection Fe3+, Al3+, and L-Arg in water. In addition, they could also act as efficient erasable fluorescent display materials.

Anion induced supramolecular polymerization: a novel approach for the ultrasensitive detection and separation of F.

A novel approach for the ultrasensitive detection and separation of F- has been successfully developed. F- could induce a tripodal naphthalene imide sensor (TNA) to result in supramolecular polymerization, leading to strong AIEE. The TNA could act as an excellent recyclable material for F- detection and separation.

Gluconeogenesis during starvation and refeeding phase is affected by previous dietary carbohydrates levels and a glucose stimuli during early life in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii).

Gluconeogenesis responses was assessed during a short starvation period and subsequent refeeding in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) previously fed different dietary carbohydrates levels and experienced to a glucose stimuli during early life. The sturgeon larvae were previously fed either a high glucose diet (G) or a low glucose diet (F) from the first feeding to yolk absorption (8 to 12 d post-hatching [dph]). Each group of fish was sub-divided into 2 treatments at 13 dph and was fed either a high-carbohydrate diet (H) or a low carbohydrate diet (L) until 20 wk. In the current study, the fish in 4 groups (GL, FL, GH and FH) were experienced to starvation for 21 d following by re-feeding of their corresponding diets for 21 d. Fish were sampled at postprandial 6 and 24 h before starvation (P6h and P24h), starvation 7, 14 and 21 d (S7, S14 and S21) and 1, 7, 14 and 21 d during refeeding (R1, R7, R14 and R21). Plasma samples during refeeding were taken at P6h at each time point. Glycaemia levels, liver and muscle glycogen contents, activities and mRNA levels of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes were examined. We found that both dietary carbohydrate levels and early glucose stimuli significantly affected the metabolic responses to starvation and refeeding in Siberian sturgeon (P < 0.05). During prolonged starvation, Siberian sturgeon firstly mobilized the liver glycogen and then improved gluconeogenesis when the dietary carbohydrates were abundant, whereas preserved the liver glycogen stores at a stable level and more effectively promoted gluconeogenesis when the dietary carbohydrates are absent to maintain glucose homoeostasis. During refeeding, as most teleostean, Siberian sturgeon failed controlling the activities and mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase cytosolic forms (PEPCK-C), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), but particularly controlled phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mitochondrial forms (PEPCK-M) activities and mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, except in GL group). Siberian sturgeon has a full compensatory ability on growth, but this ability would be obstructed by early glucose stimuli when refeeding the low carbohydrate diet after S21.