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1.
Chemosphere ; 341: 140017, 2023 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37657699

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common class of petroleum hydrocarbons, widely encountered in both environment and industrial pollution sources. Owing to their toxicity, environmental persistence, and potential bioaccumulation properties, a mounting interest has been kindled in addressing the remediation of PAHs. Biodegradation is widely employed for the removal and remediation of PAHs due to its low cost, lack of second-contamination and ease of operation. This paper reviews the degradation efficiency of degradation and the underlying mechanisms exhibited by algae, bacteria, and fungi in remediation. Additionally, it delved into the application of modern instrumental analysis techniques and theoretical investigations in the realm of PAH degradation. Advanced instrumental analysis methods such as mass spectrometry provide a powerful tool for identifying intermediates and metabolites throughout the degradation process. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations could guide the optimization of degradation processes by revealing the reaction mechanisms and energy changes in PAH degradation. The combined use of instrumental analysis and theoretical calculations allows for a comprehensive understanding of the degradation mechanisms of PAHs and provides new insights and approaches for the development of environmental remediation technologies.


Subject(s)
Environmental Restoration and Remediation , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Bacteria/metabolism , Fungi/metabolism
2.
Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill ; 16(2): 130-142, 2023 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36895189

ABSTRACT

Natural vitamin E, which is mainly extracted from vegetable oil deodoriser distillate (VODD), is likely contaminated by carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A total of 26 commercial vitamin E products from six countries were investigated for 16 EPA PAHs using QuEChERS combined with gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQ-MS). The concentrations of total PAHs in the samples ranged from 46.5 µg kg-1 to 215 µg kg-1, while the concentrations of PAH4 (BaA, Chr, BbF and BaP) ranged from 4.43 µg kg-1 to 20.1 µg kg-1. Risk assessment indicates that maximum intake of PAHs is 0.2 mg day-1, which is less than the LD50 and no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) of PAHs. However, chronic carcinogenicity of PAHs needs to be considered. The results suggested that PAH concentrations as well as toxicity equivalent should be considered as important indicator of risk of vitamin E products.


Subject(s)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Plant Oils/analysis , Food Contamination/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Risk Assessment
3.
J Agric Food Chem ; 69(13): 3923-3931, 2021 Apr 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33780239

ABSTRACT

An increasing number of studies have suggested that PAH contamination in dairy products demands high concern. This study established an efficient determination method for the European Union 15 + 1 PAHs and four PAH derivatives in dairy samples using a QuEChERS method coupled with GC-QqQ-MS. The optimized method obtained a recovery of 63.38-109.17% with a precision of 3.82-15.62%, and the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.08-0.78 and 0.27-2.59 µg/kg, respectively. The validated method was then successfully applied to identify the 20 PAHs in 82 dairy samples, including 43 commercial milk samples and 39 milk powders. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.37 to 11.83 µg/kg, and benzo[a]pyrene was only quantified in one milk and one milk powder sample at 0.35 and 0.42 µg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of PAH4 in milk samples and milk powders were not quantified (nq)-3.99 and nq-4.51 µg/kg, respectively. The results confirmed the appreciable occurrence of PAHs in dairy products, especially in infant formula. The data in this study provide a scientific basis for assessment on origin tracing, dietary exposure, and health risk of PAHs and their derivatives.


Subject(s)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Animals , European Union , Food Contamination/analysis , Humans , Infant , Milk/chemistry , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Powders
4.
Adv Food Nutr Res ; 93: 59-112, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32711866

ABSTRACT

Numerous studies have demonstrated that dozens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, genotoxic and strongly carcinogenic. PAHs are found to be widely present in foods contaminated through multiple paths. Due to their lipophilic nature, these compounds easily accumulate in edible oils and fatty foods where they can range from no detection to over 2000µg/kg. Compared to precursor PAHs, researchers have seldom studied the presence of PAH derivatives, especially in food matrices. This chapter includes the physical and chemical characteristics of PAHs and their types, occurrence, sample pretreatment and instrumental determination methods, and their formation, change and control in edible oils and fatty foods. The occurrence and formation of PAH derivatives in foods are much less investigated compared to those of their precursor PAHs. Although the removal of matrix effects and accuracy remain difficult for current rapid determination methods, a prospective research direction of PAH analysis for large-scale screening is in demand. To date, physical absorption, chemical oxidation and biodegradation have been widely used in PAH removal techniques. Specific types of bacteria, fungi, and algae have also been used to degrade PAHs into harmless compounds. However, most of them can only degrade a range of LPAHs, such as naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene. Their ability to degrade HPAHs requires further study. Moreover, it is still a great challenge to maintain food nutrition and flavor during the PAH removal process using these methods.


Subject(s)
Dietary Fats/analysis , Fish Oils/analysis , Food Contamination/prevention & control , Food Technology , Meat/analysis , Plant Oils/analysis , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Animals , Anthracenes/analysis , Bacteria , Biodegradation, Environmental , Diet , Dietary Fats/standards , Food Contamination/analysis , Fungi , Humans , Naphthalenes/analysis , Phenanthrenes/analysis
5.
Food Chem ; 316: 126344, 2020 Jun 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32036179

ABSTRACT

This study developed a new method for analysing 6-ClBaP and 7-ClBaA in six oil samples using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction followed by GC-QQQ-MS. The recoveries of 6-ClBaP and 7-ClBaA were 44.26 ± 2.81% and 92.61 ± 4.09%, respectively. Both the instrument and method LODs were lower than 0.2 µg kg-1, while the intra-day and inter-day RSD were less than 5%. Five waste frying oils and one peanut oil were tested with the validated determination method. The concentrations of 6-ClBaP and 7-ClBaA in the tested samples ranged from no detection to 0.29 µg kg-1 and no detection to 0.20 µg kg-1, respectively. The data of 6-ClBaP and 7-ClBaA detected in this study suggest that a large scale of investigation on Cl-PAHs in foods is necessary.


Subject(s)
Anthracenes/analysis , Peanut Oil/chemistry , Pyrenes/analysis , Food , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Limit of Detection , Solid Phase Extraction , Waste Disposal, Fluid
6.
J AOAC Int ; 102(6): 1884-1891, 2019 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31208496

ABSTRACT

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) are classes of contaminants that are present in the environment and food. They pose a great threat to human health because of their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Very few studies have focused on their concentration in waste cooking oil (WCO) and oil deodorizer distillate (ODD). Objective: This study aimed (1) to design a reliable method to determine 16 PAHs and 4 OPAHs in both WCO and ODD and (2) to determine and analyze PAH and OPAH concentrations in actual samples to provide references for further research. Method: The PAH determination approach included double liquid-liquid extraction, double solid-phase extraction, and GC-triple quadrupole tandem MS determination. Oxidation indices were determined by titrimetry. Results: The method reached good linearity (R² > 0.99) and an acceptable recovery rate (55.01-126.16% for WCO and 57.48-128.97% for ODD). Ten WCO and five ODD samples were determined, and the total concentration of 16 PAHs varied from 16.34 to 239.01 and 101.08 to 198.04 µg/kg in WCO and ODD, respectively. Among the 16 PAHs, three-ring PAHs typically contributed the most. It was also found that the acid value has a strong correlation with the concentration of OPAHs, probably because of the contribution of free fatty acids to OPAH formation. Conclusions: The proposed method was effective in the analysis of PAHs and OPAHs in WCO and ODD.


Subject(s)
Plant Oils/analysis , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis , Waste Products/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Limit of Detection , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
7.
J Agric Food Chem ; 66(42): 11124-11132, 2018 Oct 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30280896

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effects of three light intensities on four types of palm oils during consecutive storage for 12 months at 4 °C. The concentrations of 4-hydroxy-2- trans-hexenal (4-HHE), 4-hydroxy-2- trans-nonenal (4-HNE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)4, and PAH8 in the oils significantly increased with the increasing light intensity after storage. The red palm oil had the lowest rate of increase of 4-HNE, while 5° palm oil had the highest rate of increase of the PAH, OPAH, 4-HNE, and peroxide values during storage. For the same type of oil, OPAHs increased significantly under a light intensity of 6000 lx (lx) after storage. The increasing concentrations of 9FO, ATQ, and BaPO in the oils stored at 6000 lx showed a positive relation to their corresponding parent PAHs, indicating that PAH oxidation occurred at 6000 lx. The results suggest that light intensity and ß-carotene may control PAHs, OPAHs, and 4-hydroxy-trans- alkenals for vegetable oil storage, transportation, and retail.


Subject(s)
Aldehydes/metabolism , Antioxidants/chemistry , Palm Oil/chemistry , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/metabolism , beta Carotene/metabolism , Aldehydes/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Food Storage , Humans , Light , Oxidation-Reduction , Palm Oil/metabolism , Peroxides/chemistry , Peroxides/metabolism , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/chemistry , Temperature
8.
Food Chem ; 239: 781-788, 2018 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28873635

ABSTRACT

Changes in polycyclic (PAH) and oxygenated (OPAH) aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in vegetable oils during storage for 270days at 25°C or 4°C were investigated. The concentrations of OPAHs and PAHs increased with storage time. The increase in PAH concentration was mainly caused by light PAHs. Total PAH concentrations increased from 33.11-36.77µg/kg to 45.12-58.04µg/kg in 26 crude oil samples, while those in 26 refined oil samples increased from 16.52-20.02µg/kg to 25.73-40.01µg/kg. Acid value (AV) and peroxide value (POV) also showed an increase during the storage process from 0.08-0.92mg/kg to 0.33-2.98mg/kg, and from 0.08-0.12mmol/kg to 0.33-3.45mmol/kg in 52 tested oils, respectively. AV and POV were within the regulatory limits of China after storage for 270days. However, concentrations of 16 PAHs in all tested oils exceeded 25µg/kg. The results indicated PAHs and OPAHs formation was better inhibited in oils stored at lower temperature.


Subject(s)
Plant Oils , Vegetables , China , Parents , Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , Temperature
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