Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1.

Seven Fusarium species complexes are treated, namely F. aywerte species complex (FASC) (two species), F. buharicum species complex (FBSC) (five species), F. burgessii species complex (FBURSC) (three species), F. camptoceras species complex (FCAMSC) (three species), F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC) (eight species), F. citricola species complex (FCCSC) (five species) and the F. concolor species complex (FCOSC) (four species). New species include Fusicolla elongata from soil (Zimbabwe), and Neocosmospora geoasparagicola from soil associated with Asparagus officinalis (Netherlands). New combinations include Neocosmospora akasia, N. awan, N. drepaniformis, N. duplosperma, N. geoasparagicola, N. mekan, N. papillata, N. variasi and N. warna. Newly validated taxa include Longinectria gen. nov., L. lagenoides, L. verticilliforme, Fusicolla gigas and Fusicolla guangxiensis. Furthermore, Fusarium rosicola is reduced to synonymy under N. brevis. Finally, the genome assemblies of Fusarium secorum (CBS 175.32), Microcera coccophila (CBS 310.34), Rectifusarium robinianum (CBS 430.91), Rugonectria rugulosa (CBS 126565), and Thelonectria blattea (CBS 952.68) are also announced here. Citation: Crous PW, Sandoval-Denis M, Costa MM, Groenewald JZ, van Iperen AL, Starink-Willemse M, Hernández-Restrepo M, Kandemir H, Ulaszewski B, de Boer W, Abdel-Azeem AM, Abdollahzadeh J, Akulov A, Bakhshi M, Bezerra JDP, Bhunjun CS, Câmara MPS, Chaverri P, Vieira WAS, Decock CA, Gaya E, Gené J, Guarro J, Gramaje D, Grube M, Gupta VK, Guarnaccia V, Hill R, Hirooka Y, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R, Jurjevic Z, Korsten L, Lamprecht SC, Lombard L, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Polizzi G, Rajeshkumar KC, Salgado-Salazar C, Shang Q-J, Shivas RG, Summerbell RC, Sun GY, Swart WJ, Tan YP, Vizzini A, Xia JW, Zare R, González CD, Iturriaga T, Savary O, Coton M, Coton E, Jany J-L, Liu C, Zeng Z-Q, Zhuang W-Y, Yu Z-H, Thines M (2022). Fusarium and allied fusarioid taxa (FUSA). 1. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 9: 161-200. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2022.09.08.

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell.

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).

Prevalence of stroke in Argentina: A door-to-door population-based study (EstEPA).

BACKGROUND: Stroke burden is highest and is still rising in low- and middle-income countries. Epidemiologic stroke data are lacking in many of these countries. Stroke prevalence in Argentina has been unexplored for almost three decades. AIM: This population-based study aims to determine prevalence of stroke in a representative sample of the Argentinean population. METHODS: We performed a door-to-door survey of randomly selected households in a city of 18,650 inhabitants. A structured questionnaire screening for potential stroke cases was used. All subjects screened positive were then evaluated by stroke neurologists for final adjudication. Data about stroke subtypes, neurological status, vascular risk factors, medications, and diagnostic tests were also collected. RESULTS: Among 2156 surveys, 294 were screened positive for a possible stroke. After neurological evaluation, there were 41 confirmed cases. The adjusted stroke prevalence was 1,974/100,000 inhabitants older than 40 years, and it was higher in men than in women (26.3‰ vs 13.2‰, p<0.01). Prevalence of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and transient ischemic attack were 15.8‰, 2.93‰, and 2.93‰, respectively. The most prevalent vascular risk factors in stroke survivors were hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Approximately 2 in every 100 subjects older than 40 years in this population are stroke survivors. Stroke prevalence in Argentina has remained stable over the last 30 years; it is higher than in most Latin American countries and similar to western populations.

Effect of Noble Metal Addition on the Disorder Dynamics of Ni3Al by Means of Monte Carlo Simulation.

In this work, the effect of the addition of noble metals on the order-order disorder process of the L12 structure corresponding to the intermetallic Ni3Al is analyzed. Stoichiometric, nonstoichiometric, and quasi-binary compositions doped with noble metals such as Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt (1 at%) were analyzed. It was observed that depending on the composition, there is a modification in the activation energies calculated from the two time constants that characterize the disorder process. The statistic of atomic jumps was typified based on the configuration of the window to be crossed and, with this, it was identified that the origin of the negative activation energy of the long disorder process is due to an increase in the corresponding energy of the AlAl-Ni jump through unnatural windows.

Rare Earth-Based Compounds as Inhibitors of Hot-Corrosion Induced by Vanadium Salts.

In this study, the performance evaluation of lanthanum compounds as corrosion inhibitors of vanadium salts was performed. The inhibitors tested were lanthanum acetate and La2O3. The performance of the inhibitors was tested using sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) as a corrosive medium at 700, 800, and 900 °C. The corrosion inhibitory effect was evaluated on the corrosion process of 304H stainless steel. The corrosion rate of the steel was determined by the mass loss technique after 100 h of immersion in the corrosive salt with and without the addition of the corrosion inhibitor. The results show that lanthanum compounds act as corrosion inhibitors of vanadium salts. The inhibitory effect increases by increasing the concentration and tends to decrease when increasing the test temperature. Lanthanum compounds act as excellent corrosion inhibitors due to their ability to stabilize vanadium cations. Vanadium is stabilized by forming a new compound, lanthanum vanadate (LaVO4), with a melting point much higher than the compounds formed when Mg or Ni compounds are used as corrosion inhibitors.

Clinical, metabolic and psychological outcomes and treatment costs of a prospective randomized trial based on different educational strategies to improve diabetes care (PRODIACOR).

AIM: To evaluate the effect of system interventions (formalized data collection and 100% coverage of medications and supplies) combined with physician and/or patient education on therapeutic indicators and costs in Type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This was a randomized 2 × 2 design in public health, social security or private prepaid primary care clinics in Corrientes, Argentina. Thirty-six general practitioners and 468 adults with Type 2 diabetes participated. Patients of nine participating physicians were selected randomly and assigned to one of four structured group education programmes (117 patients each): control (group 1), physician education (group 2), patient education (group 3), and both physician education and patient education (group 4), with identical system interventions in all four groups. Outcome measures included HbA(1c), BMI, blood pressure, fasting glucose, lipid profile, drug consumption, resource use and patient well-being at baseline and every 6 months up to 42 months. RESULTS: HbA(1c) decreased significantly from 4 mmol/mol to 10 mmol/mol by 42 months (P < 0.05); the largest and more consistent decrease was in the groups where patients and physicians were educated. Blood pressure and triglycerides decreased significantly in all groups; the largest changes were recorded in the combined education group. The World Health Organization-5 Lowe score showed significant improvements, without differences among groups. The lowest treatment cost was seen in the combined education group. CONCLUSIONS: In a primary care setting, educational interventions combined with comprehensive care coverage resulted in long-term improvement in clinical, metabolic and psychological outcomes at the best cost-effectiveness ratio.

Effects of rotating shift work on biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: The major function of the circadian system is the internal cycling of physiological and metabolic events. The present study sought to explore the effect of rotating shift work schedule on leucocyte count and its relationship with risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS). DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: From a population-based design, 1351 men of self-reported European ancestry were included in a cross-sectional study: 877 day workers were compared with 474 rotating shift workers. Medical history, health examination including anthropometric and arterial blood pressure measurements, a questionnaire on health-related behaviours and biochemical determinations was given to all participants. RESULTS: In comparison with day workers, rotating shift workers had elevated (mean +/- SE) body mass index (27.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 26.3 +/- 0.2, P < 0.0154), waist-hip ratio (0.95 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.01, P < 0.00024), diastolic arterial blood pressure (78 +/- 1 vs. 76 +/- 1, P < 0.033), fasting insulin (65.5 +/- 2.9 vs. 55.9 +/- 1.9 pmol L(-1), P < 0.017), Homeostasis Model Assessment index (2.12 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.77 +/- 0.07, P < 0.0027), triglycerides (1.71 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.1 mmol L(-1), P < 0.002), uric acid (292.7 +/- 2.8 vs. 282 +/- 3.4 micromol L(-1), P < 0.01) and leucocyte count (7030 +/- 84 vs. 6730 +/- 58, P < 0.0094). In multiple regression analysis, leucocyte count was correlated with rotating shift work independently of age, smoking, education and components of MS. CONCLUSION: The odds ratio for MS in rotating shift workers compared with day workers was 1.51 (95% CI 1.01-2.25), independently of age and physical activity. Increased leucocyte count, a biological marker of systemic inflammation, was associated with rotating shift work.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and its coactivator-1 alpha may be associated with features of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Our objective was to search for differences in genotypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) (Pro12 Ala) and its coactivator PGC-1alpha (Gly482 Ser) in adolescents harboring features of metabolic syndrome. In a population-based study, we determined medical history, anthropometric variables, biochemical measurements and arterial blood pressures of 934 high-school students of Caucasian origin. We selected 220 adolescents who had systolic or diastolic blood pressures more than the 80th or less than the 20th percentiles based on the previous single set of measurements. One hundred and seventy-five adolescents completed the study and underwent two additional blood pressure measurements on different days, as well as biochemical analysis and genotyping. We found no association between insulin resistance, body mass index (BMI) and leptin levels and PPARgamma and PGC-1alpha genotypes. The 12 Ala PPARgamma allele was associated with increased waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and carriers seemed to have higher diastolic blood pressure and lower pulse pressure than non-carriers, particularly in the hypertensive and overweight group. Although Ser482 Ser PGC-1alpha homozygotes had lower WHRs than other PGC-1alpha genotypes, they were more frequent in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive (44.4 vs 24.5%, P<0.03), so the 482 Ser PGC-1 allele was in our population a risk factor for hypertension independently of WHR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, BMI and Pro12 Ala PPARgamma variant (odds ratio=4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.5-10.6, P<0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that age- and sex-adjusted systolic blood pressure correlated with the 482 Ser PGC-1 allele regardless of those covariates. In conclusion, the Gly482 Ser variant of the PGC-1alpha gene may be an independent genetic risk factor for young-onset hypertension.

Prueba oral de tolerancia a la glucosa en gestantes sanas / The women glucose tolerance test in healthy pregnant women

El concepto de diabetes gestacional (DG) se remonta a 1946, aunque existe falta de consenso acerca de cómo diagnosticarla. Dos criterios están en juicio, que difieren en la metodología, la dosis de glucosa y los puntos de corte para el diagnóstico. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la distribución de los valores de la prueba oral de tolerancia a la glucosa (POTG) en una muestra de gestantes, atendidas en el Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Hospital Pedro Fiorito,y establecer a partir de ella los límites superiores de normalidad según el modelo sustentado por O'Sullivan y Mahan, e identificar las diferencias entre los valores límites hallados en la muestra y los criterios internacionales fijados por la American Diabetes Association (ADA) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Se estudió a 473 gestantes aparentemente sanas. A todas las participantes se les efectuó una prueba oral de tolerancia a la glucosa de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la OMS. Considerando los valores hallados en nuestro estudio correspondientes a la media + 2 desviaciones estándar (DE) en los 5 tiempos de la POGT, tanto por trimestre como de forma global, éstos mostraron diferencias significativas con los criterios actualmente en uso. En efecto, a la tercera hora, la diferencia entre el punto de corte de este estudio y el criterio de la ADA supera 2 desviaciones estándar muestrales. Con relación al criterio OMS, tanto el valor en ayunas como el de la segunda hora difieren sustancialmente del hallado en el presente estudio (AU)

Farmacologia de la Insulinorresistencia: Situacion actual y perspectivas / Insulin Resistance Pharmacology: Current Situation and Perspectives

El proposito de este trabajo es revisar las estrategias farmacologicas especificamente destinadasa disminuir la insulinoresistencia. Se plantean cuatro objetivos, siendo el primero la inhibicion de la produccion hepatica de glucosa. Aqui se incluye a la metformina, biguanida que reduce la gluconeogenesis desde lactato y aumenta la actividad de la AMPK (enzima que estimula la oxidacion de acidos grasos no esterificados y disminuye la gluconeogenesis y sintesis de colesterol), Tambien se encuentran el BAY-27-9955 y NNC-25-2504L (antagonistas del glucagon) y los inhibidores de la glucogeno fosforilasa hepatoica, glucogenosintasa-kinasa-3, piruvato-deshidrogena-kinasa, fructosa-1,6-difosfatasa y glucosa-6-fosfatasa. Los insulinosensibilizadores, segundo objetivo, incluyen a tiazolidinodionas (agonistas PPARgamma) que aumentan la exposicion de GLUT 4, lipogenesis y disminuyen la glucogenesis. y a drogas en desarrollo: nuevos agonistas PPAR, activadores RxR, agosnistas Beta3 e inhibidores de la PTB-1B. El tercer objetivo son los modificadores del metabolismo lipidico, y contiene a los inhibidores de la 11Beta-HSD1. Los activadores del receptor insulinico, dependientes e independientes de insulina, constituyen el cuarto objetivo. La importancia del desarrollo de nuevos farmacos radica en que el control de la insulinorresistencia retrasaria la aparicion de diabetes 2 e implicaria un menor riesgo cardiovascular

Farmacologia de la Insulinorresistencia: Situacion actual y perspectivas / Insulin Resistance Pharmacology: Current Situation and Perspectives

El proposito de este trabajo es revisar las estrategias farmacologicas especificamente destinadasa disminuir la insulinoresistencia. Se plantean cuatro objetivos, siendo el primero la inhibicion de la produccion hepatica de glucosa. Aqui se incluye a la metformina, biguanida que reduce la gluconeogenesis desde lactato y aumenta la actividad de la AMPK (enzima que estimula la oxidacion de acidos grasos no esterificados y disminuye la gluconeogenesis y sintesis de colesterol), Tambien se encuentran el BAY-27-9955 y NNC-25-2504L (antagonistas del glucagon) y los inhibidores de la glucogeno fosforilasa hepatoica, glucogenosintasa-kinasa-3, piruvato-deshidrogena-kinasa, fructosa-1,6-difosfatasa y glucosa-6-fosfatasa. Los insulinosensibilizadores, segundo objetivo, incluyen a tiazolidinodionas (agonistas PPARgamma) que aumentan la exposicion de GLUT 4, lipogenesis y disminuyen la glucogenesis. y a drogas en desarrollo: nuevos agonistas PPAR, activadores RxR, agosnistas Beta3 e inhibidores de la PTB-1B. El tercer objetivo son los modificadores del metabolismo lipidico, y contiene a los inhibidores de la 11Beta-HSD1. Los activadores del receptor insulinico, dependientes e independientes de insulina, constituyen el cuarto objetivo. La importancia del desarrollo de nuevos farmacos radica en que el control de la insulinorresistencia retrasaria la aparicion de diabetes 2 e implicaria un menor riesgo cardiovascular(AU)

Low plasma leptin concentration and low rates of fat oxidation in weight-stable post-obese subjects.

OBJECTIVE: A low resting metabolic rate for a given body size and composition, a low rate of fat oxidation, low levels of physical activity, and low plasma leptin concentrations are all risk factors for body weight gain. The aim of the present investigation was to compare resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), levels of physical activity, and plasma leptin concentrations in eight post-obese adults (2 males and 6 females; 48.9 +/- 12.2 years; body mass index [BMI]: 24.5 +/- 1.0 kg/m2; body fat 33 +/- 5%; mean +/- SD) who lost 27.1 +/- 21.3 kg (16 to 79 kg) and had maintained this weight loss for > or =2 months (2 to 9 months) to eight age- and BMI-matched control never-obese subjects (1 male and 7 females; 49.1 +/- 5.2 years; BMI 24.4 +/- 1.0 kg/m2; body fat 33 +/- 7%). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Following 3 days of weight maintenance diet (50% carbohydrate and 30% fat), RMR and RQ were measured after a 10-hour fast using indirect calorimetry and plasma leptin concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay. Levels of physical activity were estimated using an accelerometer over a 48-hour period in free living conditions. RESULTS: After adjustment for fat mass and fat-free mass, post-obese subjects had, compared with controls, similar levels of physical activity (4185 +/- 205 vs. 4295 +/- 204 counts) and similar RMR (1383 +/- 268 vs. 1430 +/- 104 kcal/day) but higher RQ (0.86 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.81 +/- 0.03, p < 0.05). Leptin concentration correlated positively with percent body fat (r = 0.57, p < 0.05) and, after adjusting for fat mass and fat-free mass, was lower in post-obese than in control subjects (4.5 +/- 2.1 vs. 11.6 +/- 7.9 ng/mL, p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: The low fat oxidation and low plasma leptin concentrations observed in post-obese individuals may, in part, explain their propensity to relapse.

Risk factors for hepatotoxicity induced by antituberculosis drugs.

To evaluate the risk factors involved in antituberculosis treatment-induced hepatotoxicity. In a retrospective study we analyzed the rate of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a sample of 456 patients. Patients received a combination of drugs including isoniazid, rifampin, pirazinamide and streptomycin or ethambutol. The association among hepatotoxicity and several risk factors (age, sex, alcoholism and HIV infection) was studied by univariate methods, stratified analysis and the multiple logistic regression model. Signs of liver injury were found in 9.86% of the treated patients. In the logistic model, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and significance were found as follows: a) for alcoholism, OR = 17.31 (95% CI: 6.35-47.16), p < 0.001; b) for HIV infection, OR = 3.23 (95% CI: 1.47-7.11), p = 0.003 and c) for female sex, OR = 2.44 (95% CI: 1.22-4.86), p = 0.011. Age was not significantly associated with hepatotoxicity. Alcoholism, HIV infection and female sex were associated with an increased risk of hepatotoxicity in this study.

Sealant status and factors associated with sealant presence among children in Milwaukee, WI.

To determine the percent of school-children aged 6-14 years with sealants placed in their permanent molars in the City of Milwaukee. 2) To describe factors associated with sealant presence among these children. 3) To describe differences, if any, among ethnic majority and minority groups. Twelve public schools agreed to participate in this project. After consent forms were obtained, 1,234 dental exams were performed. A 15-item pretested questionnaire was given to each child to take home for the parent(s) to complete. Response rate was 60 percent (N = 742). Data were analyzed using frequencies and Chi-Square tests (P-value < 0.05). Only 9.6 percent of the sample had sealants on their permanent molars. Variables that were found associated with children more likely to have sealants included: gender (female children more likely than males); children with a recent dental exam; children having a regular dentist; parents having heard about sealants before this study; parents' correct knowledge regarding the purpose of sealants; higher level of parents' education; higher parents' total annual income; ethnicity (Caucasian children more likely than Hispanic, African American, American Indian, or Asian children); and age (children in the older group, 10-14 years, more likely than children in the younger group, 6-9 years). Percent of school-children with sealants on their permanent molars in the city of Milwaukee is low. Efforts are needed to increase the knowledge of sealants by the general public as well as to promote sealant use by dentists in both private practice and public health programs, especially for minority children.

Craniometric measurements of craniofacial malformations in the X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse on two different genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6J and B6C3H.

This study reports data on craniometric measurements in the X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse on two different genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6J and B6C3H. Heads of normal females "+/+," normal males "+/Y," heterozygous mutant females "Hyp/+," and hemizygous mutant males "Hyp/Y" for each genetic background were examined. Data were collected via skull measurements. On a C57BL/6J background, the neurocranium of mutants "Hyp/+" and "Hyp/Y" was shorter and slightly higher than in normal counterparts. On a B6C3H background, mutant mice "Hyp/+" and "Hyp/Y" were shorter in neurocranial length than in normal counterparts. Viscerocranial height was larger in "Hyp/Y" than in normal counterparts. No differences in neurocranial and mandibular height were found. Mutant mice on a C57BL/6J background were compared to mutant mice on a B6C3H background. No differences in neurocranial length were found. Cranial length was shorter in "Hyp/Y" on C57BL/6J than in "Hyp/+" on B6C3H. Facial length parameters were shorter in "Hyp/Y" on C57BL/6J than in "Hyp/Y" and "Hyp/+" mutant mice on B6C3H. Mandibular length was shorter in "Hyp/Y" on C57BL/6J than in "Hyp/+" on C57BL/6J and both mutant mice ("Hyp/Y" and "Hyp/+") on a B6C3H background. The results of this study indicate that craniofacial growth is less affected in mutant mice on a B6C3H genetic background than in mutant mice on a C57BL/6J genetic background.

Sealant use by general practitioners: a Minnesota survey.

A 1987 random-sample mail survey on the use of sealants by general dentists in Minnesota (71 percent response, N = 375) found that almost all (95 percent) reported using sealants. Usage was predominantly for the six- to fourteen-year-old patient age-group. Frequency of use per week ranged from 1-25 (mean +/- S.D. = 3.3 +/- 3.6). More frequent use was associated positively with employing more dental hygienists, having more sources of information about sealants, having higher knowledge scores, and having more favorable opinions about sealants. While reported use of sealants is high in this state, the frequency of use and proportion of child patients receiving sealants were both relatively low.

Sealant knowledge and use by pediatric dentists: 1987 Minnesota survey.

Sealants are safe, cost-effective, and easy to apply. All of the pediatric dentists surveyed in this study reported using sealants. Only 46 percent, however, applied sealants more than ten times per week. Sealant use was most often for the six- to fourteen-year-old age-group.