Comprensiones del discurso normativo sobre inclusión educativa en Colombia / Realizations of the regulatory discourse on educational inclusion in Colombia

Se presenta un análisis cualitativo al discurso normativo colombiano en torno a la Inclusión Educativa producido entre los años 1991 y 2013, se identifican conceptos, criterios e imaginarios que lo atraviesan, algunas relaciones entre dicho discurso y sus condicionesde emergencia. Se destaca, entre otros asuntos, que el discurso normativo colombiano con respecto a la Inclusión Educativa tiende a desconfiar de sí mismo, aspira a abarcar todas las realidades humanas, en este sentido homogeniza e idealiza los fenómenos.

A qualitative analysis to the Colombian regulatory discourse around Educational Inclusion, produced between 1991 and 2013, is introduced. Besides, some concepts, criteria, and imaginaries which cross it, as well as some relations between that speech and emergencyconditions are identified. Among other issues, the Colombian normative discourse regarding Inclusive Education, which tends to distrust itself, is highlighted, and aims to encompassall human realities, which, in this sense homogenizes and idealizes the phenomena.

New indicators proposed to assess tuberculosis control and elimination in Cuba.

Following 48 years of successful operation of the National Tuberculosis Control Program, Cuban health authorities have placed tuberculosis elimination on the agenda. To this end some tuberculosis control processes and their indicators need redesigned and new ones introduced, related to: number and proportion of suspected tuberculosis cases among vulnerable population groups; tuberculosis suspects with sputum microscopy and culture results useful for diagnosis (interpretable); and number of identified contacts of reported tuberculosis cases who were fully investigated. Such new indicators have been validated and successfully implemented in all provinces (2011-12) and are in the approval pipeline for generalized use in the National Tuberculosis Control Program. These indicators complement existing criteria for quality of case detection and support more comprehensive program performance assessment.

Cuba's strategy for childhood tuberculosis control, 1995-2005.

INTRODUCTION: Following a tripling of tuberculosis incidence in Cuba between 1991 and 1994 (from 4.7 to 14.7 per 100,000), the National TB Control Program was revamped in 1995 and the National Reference Center for Childhood TB and Provincial Childhood TB Commissions were created as a strategy for addressing this emerging health problem. OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of Cuba's new strategy for TB control in children aged <15 years during the period 1995-2005. METHODS: A descriptive review of health services and systems was conducted in Cuba, examining 157 cases of TB diagnosed in children aged <15 years during the period 1995-2005 and comparing impact and process indicators for selected years (1995, 2000, and 2005). Impact indicators included reduction in: a) incidence; b) serious forms (peritoneal, meningeal, miliary, combined); c) mortality; and d) case outcomes (cure, death, treatment drop-out, treatment failure). Process indicators were proportion of cases with: a) microbiological tests; b) knowledge of infection source; c) diagnoses obtained through adult case contact tracing; d) time to diagnosis <60 days; and e) post-mortem diagnoses. RESULTS: During the period 1995-2005, TB rates in children aged <15 years fell by 50% (from 1.0 to 0.5 per 100,000), more evident in children <10 years. The Havana rate was three times the national rate. Diagnosis was post-mortem in three serious cases (1.9%); there were four deaths (2.5%), none after 2000. Only seven children (4.5%) had serious forms, none after 2002. Except for cases diagnosed post-mortem, all children received treatment directly supervised by health personnel. Cure rate was 99.4%; there were no treatment drop-outs or chronic cases; one relapse was reported (0.6%). Knowledge of infection source increased to 90% over the selected years. Microbiological tests were conducted in 90% of cases, with isolation in 30.9%. No isolate was drug-resistant, nor were there reports of infectious contacts with resistance. We found no HIV coinfection. At the end of the study, time to diagnosis of ≥60 days persisted in 40% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a National Reference Center for Childhood TB and Provincial Childhood TB Commissions has contributed to improved TB diagnosis and control in children aged <15 years, achieving incidence similar to that during the period prior to TB re-emergence and to those of some developed countries. Improvements are needed in the work and systematic training of health personnel, especially at the primary health care level, in order to eliminate TB as a national health problem by 2015.

Tuberculosis mortality trends in cuba, 1998 to 2007.

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of illness and death throughout the world. The World Health Organization's Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015 proposes that countries cut TB mortality by half compared to 1990 rates. In Cuba, TB mortality declined steadily throughout the 20th century, particularly after 1960. Objective Describe TB mortality distribution and trends in Cuba from January 1998 to December 2007 by infection site, sex, age and province, and determine progress towards the WHO's 2015 target for TB mortality reduction. Methods A time series ecological study was conducted. Death certificates stating TB as cause of death were obtained from the Ministry of Public Health's National Statistics Division, and population data by age group, sex, and province were obtained from the National Statistics Bureau. Crude and specific death rate trends and variation were analyzed. Results TB mortality declined from 0.4 per 100,000 population in 1998 to 0.2 (under half the 1990 rate) in 2007. Clinical forms of the disease, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, also declined. The highest mortality rates were found in males and in the group aged ≥ 65 years. Rates were also highest in the capital, Havana, with extreme values of 0.73 and 0.39 per 100,000 population at the beginning and end of the period, respectively. Conclusions Deaths from TB declined steadily compared to total deaths and deaths caused by infectious diseases. The Global Plan to Stop TB target was met well ahead of 2015. If this trend continues, TB is likely to become an exceptional cause of death in Cuba.

Prioridades territoriales para la tuberculosis en Cuba: alternativas de estratificación con indicador únicopcuba / Territorial priority for tuberrculosis in Cuba: an alternative for stratification on bases of a single indicator

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Impacto económico-social del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis (PNCT) en la población cubana / Economic and social impact of the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP) on the Cuban population

Las estrategias de control de la tuberculosis (TB) poseen un costo/efectividad muy favorable. Se describen y valoran los impactos del programa de control, utilizando las series temporales de casos nuevos y fallecidos notificados por TB en 1964-91 y 1992-96. Se estimaron los casos evitados y años potenciales de vida ganados; gastos por quimioterapia, hospitalizaciones y prestaciones sociales ahorrados, valorados sobre la base del número de casos nuevos, definiciones y casos esperados estimados. Entre 1965-1991, la incidencia estimada de TB se redujo en 94,6 por ciento (4 por ciento por año), se evitaron unos 86.500 casos nuevos; hubo una ganancia potencial de 166.439 años de vida. Se estimó un ahorro de 2.831.625,3 pesos solo por costo de tuberculostáticos dejados de aplicar. Se redujeron los pagos por subsidio salarial de trabajadores enfermos por TB con 82 millones de pesos ahorrados. El total ahorrado estimado asciende a 494.919.631,3 pesos. Estos impactos son muy importantes y avalan la efectividad de las estrategias aplicadas bajo las circunstancias sociopolíticas del país, favoreciendo los enfoques para un programa de eliminación.

Impacto económico-social del Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis (PNCT) en la población cubana / Economic and social impact of the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP) on the Cuban population

Las estrategias de control de la tuberculosis (TB) poseen un costo/efectividad muy favorable. Se describen y valoran los impactos del programa de control, utilizando las series temporales de casos nuevos y fallecidos notificados por TB en 1964-91 y 1992-96. Se estimaron los casos evitados y años potenciales de vida ganados; gastos por quimioterapia, hospitalizaciones y prestaciones sociales ahorrados, valorados sobre la base del número de casos nuevos, definiciones y casos esperados estimados. Entre 1965-1991, la incidencia estimada de TB se redujo en 94,6 por ciento (4 por ciento por año), se evitaron unos 86.500 casos nuevos; hubo una ganancia potencial de 166.439 años de vida. Se estimó un ahorro de 2.831.625,3 pesos solo por costo de tuberculostáticos dejados de aplicar. Se redujeron los pagos por subsidio salarial de trabajadores enfermos por TB con 82 millones de pesos ahorrados. El total ahorrado estimado asciende a 494.919.631,3 pesos. Estos impactos son muy importantes y avalan la efectividad de las estrategias aplicadas bajo las circunstancias sociopolíticas del país, favoreciendo los enfoques para un programa de eliminación(AU)

The feasibility of forecasting influenza epidemics in Cuba

A large influenza epidemic took place in Havana during the winter of 1988. The epidemiologic surveillance unit of the Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine detected the begining of the epidemic wave. The Rvachev-Baroyan mathematical model of the geographic spread of an epidemic was used to forecast this epidemic under routine conditions of the public health system. The expected number of individuals who would attend outpatient services, because of influenza-like illness, was calculated and communicated to the health authorities within enough time to permit the introduction of available control measures. The approximate date of the epidemic peak, the daily expected number of individuals attending medical services, and the approximate time of the end of the epidemic wave were estimated. The prediction error was 12%. The model was sufficienty accurate to warrant its use as a pratical forecasting tool in the Cuban public health system

Forecast of acute respiratory infections: expected nonepidemic mobidity in Cuba

A forecast of nonepidemic morbidity due to acute respiratory infections were carry out by using time series analysis. The data consisted of the weekly reports of medical patient consultation from ambulatory facilities from the whole country. A version of regression model was fitted to the data. Using this approach, we were able to detect the starting data of the epidemic under routine surveillance conditions for various age groups. It will be necessary to improve the data reporting system in order to introduce these procedures at the local health center level, as well as on the provincial level