Factors related to antiretroviral therapy adherence in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS in Cuba.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, global initiatives to address the AIDS epidemic have produced promising advances through access to effective treatment programs. However, lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a problem for pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: Explore antiretroviral therapy adherence in children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Cuba and examine its relationship with psychosocial, individual and treatment factors. METHODS: A qualitative study was carried out of 21 caregivers of children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS. Demographics and information on treatment regimen were collected by chart review. In-depth interviews were conducted to assess adherence and examine its relationship with psychosocial, individual and treatment factors. Interviews were transcribed and the information was grouped by factor category. Adherence was analyzed in relation to these three sets of factors. RESULTS: Caregivers interviewed reported adequate adherence in 17 of the 21 children. Lack of adherence was linked primarily to psychosocial factors such as additional responsibility taken on by the caregiver while grappling with his or her own illness, the presence of untreated psychological symptoms in the caregiver, perceived difficulties with family support, the child's age, and assigning treatment responsibilities to the child without taking into account his/her psychological maturity. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed a high level of antiretroviral therapy adherence. It reconfirmed the fundamental importance of the caregiver and family support for therapeutic success in children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS. These results, as well as the factors identified in cases of nonadherence, can contribute to a framework for assessment and specialized interventions to optimize pediatric antiretroviral adherence.

Drug-resistant HIV-1 in Cuban children and their seropositive mothers.

INTRODUCTION The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced progression to AIDS and increased survival among seropositive persons; yet, appearance of resistant viruses may jeopardize these benefits. In Cuba, HIV mainly affects adults; at the end of 2009 of the 41 children infected, 25 were still alive; of these, 22 were under antiretroviral treatment. Until now, nothing was known about HIV-1 antiviral resistance and viral subtypes in the pediatric population in Cuba. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify presence of antiretroviral-resistant HIV-1 strains in Cuban children and their mothers, and to provide a phylogenetic characterization and comparison of pol gene sequences in the same. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from 22 children and their mothers, all HIV-1-infected, from 2004 through 2009. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the pol gene fragment coding for HIV protease and reverse transcriptase enzymes; this was then sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis of HIV subtypes and recombinant forms to compare sequences between mothers and children. HIV mutations conferring antiretroviral resistance were determined. RESULTS Viral amplification was achieved in samples from 11 children and 8 mothers. Subtypes detected were: CRF19_cpx in five children, subtype B in three, CRF18_cpx in two, and subtype C in one child. In all mother-child pairs, samples were grouped within the same viral subtype in the phylogenetic tree. One mother was under treatment and five children had been treated before the sample was collected. In viruses amplified from samples of children under treatment, resistance was most frequently found to lamivudine (3 cases) and nevirapine (4 cases). Two untreated children carried resistant viruses possibly acquired from their mothers. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe HIV-1 antiviral resistance in the pediatric population in Cuba; it also identified viral subtypes infecting the mother-child pairs studied. We recommend antiretroviral resistance assays before initiating treatment in pregnant seropositive women and their newborns.

Concomitant Mycobacterium avium infection and Hodgkin's disease in a lymph node from an HIV-negative child.

We report a case of an immunocompetent child with simultaneously an infection with Mycobacterium avium and Hodgkin's disease in a cervical lymph node. A positive PCR result for M. avium on a biopsy of the lymph node directed the definitive diagnosis for both etiologies and avoided a possible dissemination of this infection after chemotherapy was started.

[Prevention and control of vertical HIV transmission program in Cuba. January 1986-December 2007]. / Programa de prevención y control de la transmisión vertical del VIH en Cuba. Enero de 1986-Diciembre de 2007.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to increase in spite of the strategies developed, including the use of HAART. One of the vulnerable populations is the child of HIV+ mothers. In Cuba, a prevention and control program of HIV infection was implemented in 1986 and one of the key aims was to reduce perinatal infection. In this study, the medical records of all 314 children born to HIV/AIDS positive mothers between January 1986 to December 2007 are described. Our aim was to determine the relationship between Program compliance and prevention of vertical transmission (VT). A total of 248/314 infants completed a full virological evaluation at the time of this report 32 (12.9%) were HIV-infected. In these 32 children, mortality due to AIDS related events was 31.2%, of which 60% died before their first year of life. VT rate decreased from 50,0% to 14,6% after implementation of prophylactic caesarean section and to 2.2% in 99 women complying with the new adopted program including HAART antiviral therapy in pregnant woman, caesarean section, and AZT to the newborn. The effectiveness of combining a caesarean section and HAART was 95.2%. The prevention program for HIV/AIDS vertical transmission implemented in Cuba has been effective in reducing VT, similar to other worldwide reports.

[Immunological characteristic of children vertically infected with HIV: a case-control study]. / Características inmunológicas de los niños infectados por vía vertical con el VIH: estudio de casos y controles.

HIV infection in children causes a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristics that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This is a case-control study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. Both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluating the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression; from the total, only two stayed asymptomatic. All HIV-infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV-infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminished counts of lymphocyte subsets T CD4+, CD16+/CD56+ and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hypergammaglobulinemia due to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the classic and alternate activation pathways of the complement system. This finding allowed better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.

Características inmunológicas de los niños infectados por vía vertical con el VIH: estudio de casos y controles / Immunological characteristic of HIV infected children by vertical way: cases and controls study

HIV infection in children conditions a serious immunodeficiency with special characteristic that distinguish it from the adult, causing a global immune deficit. This constitutes a cases and controls study between Cuban paediatric patients infected with HIV by vertical transmission and a control group of supposedly healthy children. The both groups were characterized from the clinical point of view and markers were used for evaluated the immunologic and virologycal state. Clinically 75% of patients present a pattern of precocious progression, from total only two stay asymptomatic. All HIV infected children receive antirretroviral treatment and three of them present values of viral load bigger than 100,000 cp/mL. The immune alterations found in the HIV infected children compared with healthy children were: a cellular immune depletion with diminish counts of lymphocytes subsets of T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + and CD19+, an increase in subsets of CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/ CD95+ and a hipergammaglobulinemia to prevalence of immunoglobulin gamma IgG (p < 0.05). On the other hand, they were not significantly differences in the serum levels of both C3 and C4, as well as in the haemolytic activity of the roads classic and it alternates of the complement system. This finding allowed us to a better attention and treatment of paediatric HIV patients.

La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños condiciona una grave inmunodeficiencia con características especiales que la distinguen del adulto, ocasionando un déficit inmune global. Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de los pacientes pediátricos cubanos infectados por transmisión vertical con el VIH comparado con niños supuestamente sanos. Ambos grupos se caracterizaron desde el punto de vista clínico y se emplearon marcadores que evaluaron el estado inmunológico y virológico. Clínicamente 75% de los pacientes infectados por VIH presentan un patrón de progresión precoz, y dos se mantienen asintomáticos. A todos los niños infectados se les suministró tratamiento antirretroviral y tres presentan valores de carga viral mayores de 100,000 cp/mL. Las alteraciones inmunes encontradas en los pacientes VIH+ fueron: una inmunodepresión celular con conteos de subpoblaciones linfoides T CD4+, CD16+/CD56 + y CD 19+ disminuidas significativamente con respecto al grupo control (p < 0.05). Además, se encontró un aumento de linfocitos CD3+, CD8+, CD8+/CD38+, CD3+/CD95+ y una hipergammaglobulinemia a predominio de inmunoglobulina gamma IgG en la comparación estadística (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles séricos de C3 y C4, así como en la actividad hemolítica de las vías clásica y alterna del sistema del complemento. Este conocimiento nos permitió sentar pautas para contribuir al manejo y tratamiento de los pacientes pediátricos infectados por VIH.

Parasitosis intestinales en niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico del Cerro, La Habana, Cuba / Intestinal parasitosis in children admitted in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro, Havana City, Cuba

Se realizó un estudio sobre parasitismo intestinal en 401 niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico del Cerro entre los meses de mayo y junio de 1999. Para esta finalidad se tomó una muestra representativa, aleatoria y estratificada por servicios. Por cada niño, se recogieron 3 muestras de heces preservadas en formaldehído, las que se procesaron por 3 métodos parasitológicos. La prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal fue de 15 por ciento en el hospital, y no se encontraron diferencias entre el estrato de niños ingresados en Gastroenterología con el resto de los servicios en cuanto a comensales y parásitos en general (p> 0,05); sin embargo, prevalecieron los comensales en el segundo grupo (p< 0,01). Los coccidios intestinales, Cryptosporidium parvum y Cyclospora cayetanensis predominaron en los servicios de Gastroenterología, sobre el resto de los servicios (p< 0,01). El grupo de edad mayor de 4 años (escolares) fue el más afectado, tanto por protozoos como por comensales (p< 0,01), excepto Cryptosporidium parvum que afectó más a los lactantes (p< 0,05). El análisis de algunos antecedentes epidemiológicos demostró que aquellos niños que comían frutas con cáscaras sin lavar, los que ingerían vegetales sin lavar, y los que andaban descalzos, estaban más propensos a la infección (RR> 1). Además se demostró una mayor frecuencia de infección por parásitos intestinales, entre los que vivían en zona rural, tomaban agua de pozos o ríos, y defecaban en letrinas o a cielo abierto (RR> 1). Estos resultados sugirieron que a pesar del conocimiento existente sobre los factores epidemiológicos y de riesgo, las parasitosis intestinales continúan incidiendo en las poblaciones infantiles(AU)

[Intestinal parasitosis in children admitted to the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro, Havana City, Cuba]. / Parasitosis intestinales en niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico del Cerro, La Habana, Cuba.

A study on intestinal parasitism was conducted among 401 children admitted in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro, from May to June, 1999. To this end, a representative, randomized and stratified sample by service was taken. 3 samples of feces per child were collected, preserved in formaldehyde, and processed by 3 parasitological methods. There was an intestinal parasitism prevalence of 15% at the hospital and there were no differences between the stratum of children admitted in Gastroenterology and the rest of the services as regards commensals and parasites in general (p > 0.05); however, commensals predominated in the second group (p < 0.01) The intestinal coccidia, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis prevailed in the Gastroenterology service over the rest of the services (p < 0.01). The age group over 4 (school children) was the most affected, both by protozoa and commensals (p < 0.01), excepting Cryptosporidium parvum that affected the infants more (p < 0.05). The analysis of some epidemiological antecedents showed that those children eating fruit without peeling and washing them, having vegetables withouth washing them first and walking barefooted were more prone to infection (RR > 1). A higher frequency of infection due to intestinal parasites was found among those living in rural areas, drinking well or river water, and defecating in latrines or in the open air (RR > 1). These results suggested that in spite of the existing knowledge of the epidemiological and risk factors, the intestinal parasites continue affecting the child population

Parasitosis intestinales en niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico del Cerro, La Habana, Cuba / Intestinal parasitosis in children admitted in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cerro, Havana City, Cuba

Se realizó un estudio sobre parasitismo intestinal en 401 niños ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Pediátrico del Cerro entre los meses de mayo y junio de 1999. Para esta finalidad se tomó una muestra representativa, aleatoria y estratificada por servicios. Por cada niño, se recogieron 3 muestras de heces preservadas en formaldehído, las que se procesaron por 3 métodos parasitológicos. La prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal fue de 15 por ciento en el hospital, y no se encontraron diferencias entre el estrato de niños ingresados en Gastroenterología con el resto de los servicios en cuanto a comensales y parásitos en general (p> 0,05); sin embargo, prevalecieron los comensales en el segundo grupo (p< 0,01). Los coccidios intestinales, Cryptosporidium parvum y Cyclospora cayetanensis predominaron en los servicios de Gastroenterología, sobre el resto de los servicios (p< 0,01). El grupo de edad mayor de 4 años (escolares) fue el más afectado, tanto por protozoos como por comensales (p< 0,01), excepto Cryptosporidium parvum que afectó más a los lactantes (p< 0,05). El análisis de algunos antecedentes epidemiológicos demostró que aquellos niños que comían frutas con cáscaras sin lavar, los que ingerían vegetales sin lavar, y los que andaban descalzos, estaban más propensos a la infección (RR> 1). Además se demostró una mayor frecuencia de infección por parásitos intestinales, entre los que vivían en zona rural, tomaban agua de pozos o ríos, y defecaban en letrinas o a cielo abierto (RR> 1). Estos resultados sugirieron que a pesar del conocimiento existente sobre los factores epidemiológicos y de riesgo, las parasitosis intestinales continúan incidiendo en las poblaciones infantiles

Validación de la versión cubana de la dimensión física del Cuestionario de Evaluación de Salud (HAQ) en cubanos con Artritis Reumatoide: (CU-HAQ) / s. t

Realizamos un estudio prospectivo descriptivo de tipo analítico que incluye un muestreo de 65 pacientes con criterios diagnósticos para Artritis Reumatoide según el ACR El objetivo del estudio estuvo centrado en validar una versión cubana del cuestionario de evaluación de salud (HAQ). Luego de realizar una adecuada traducción y retro-traducción del cuestionario del Ingles al español yviceversa más una adaptación cross-cultural, se aplicó el cuestionario y realizaron los test estadísticos de rigor como el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y Spearman, así como coeficiente alfa de Crombach y T de student evaluando los niveles de significación. El resultado de los coeficientes de correlación aplicados mostró significación estadística para la evaluación de la confiabilidad, consistencia interna, validez de constructo, convergente y discriminante del instrumento. El universo estudiado es representativo delcomportamiento clínico general, status socioeconómico, demográfico y cultural de la población general cubana afectada por la enfermedad reumatoidea. Concluímos esta investigación destacando que, la versión cubana del cuestionario de evaluación de salud (HAQ-CU), mostró confiabilidad general, consistencia interna y validez con la capacidad de medir con eficiencia aquello para lo cual fue diseñado. Es fácil de aplicar, capaz de detectar cambios evolutivos y de ser utilizado para estudios estandarizados comparativos con otras poblaciones de pacientes reumáticos(AU)