Edible and medicinal mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, Ustilago maydis, Ganoderma lucidum) reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in adipose tissue of obese Wistar rats fed with a high fat plus saccharose diet.

Obesity is an increasing global public health problem. A strategy to treat obesity is the use of functional foods. Edible and medicinal mushrooms contain diverse bioactive compounds showing important antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and prebiotic properties. We analysed the effects of adding (10%) of Pleurotus ostreatus (Po, basidiomata), Ganoderma lucidum (Gl, basidiomata), or Ustilago maydis (Um, galls), milled, to a high fat plus saccharose diet (HFD + S) for 6 months in a model of obesity with Wistar rats. We assessed weight gain, body composition, lipid parameters, endoplasmic reticulum stress (proteins and inflammatory markers: BiP, XBP-1, JNK, p-JNK, TNF-α), and adiponectin in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). The consumption of edible and medicinal mushrooms decreased weight gain (-17.2-30.1%) and fat mass (-23.7-43.1%), maintained fat-free mass, reduced levels of serum biochemical parameters (TC: -40.1-44.1%, TG: -37.7-51.6%, LDL-C: -64.5-71.1%), and prevented adipocyte hypertrophy (-30.9-36.9%) and collagen deposition (-70.9-73.7%) in SAT. Compared with the HFD + S group, mushroom consumption by Wistar rats significantly reduced the expression of proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation (BiP: -72.2-88.2%; XBP-1: -71.5-81.8%; JNK: -71.2-90.0%; p-JNK: -37.3-81.0%; TNF-α: -80.7-91.5%), whereas significantly increased adiponectin protein expression (246.4-654.2%) in SAT. These effects outperformed those obtained through the commercial lipid-lowering drug atorvastatin, contributing synergistically to prevent further obesity-related dysfunctions, such as insulin resistance derived from inflammation and ER stress in adipose tissue. Bioactive compounds from edible, functional and medicinal mushrooms represent new emerging therapies for obesity treatments using natural products.

Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum extracts on liver, kidney, and the gut microbiota of Wistar rats: A repeated dose oral toxicity study.

Well-characterized and standardized extracts of a Mexican genotype of Ganoderma lucidum (Gl), a medicinal mushroom, cultivated on oak sawdust (Gl-1) or oak sawdust plus acetylsalicylic acid (Gl-2, ASA), have been shown to exert antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer properties. However, toxicity analyses still need to be carried out. Different doses of these Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts were administered to Wistar rats for 14 days in a repeated dose oral toxicity study. We assessed the external clinical signs, biochemical parameters, liver and kidney tissues, injury and inflammation biomarkers, gene expression, inflammatory responses, proinflammatory mediators, and gut microbiota. Gl extracts had no significant adverse, toxic or harmful effects on male and female rats compared to the control groups. No injury or dysfunction were recorded in the kidney or liver, as there were no significant abnormal variations in organ weight, tissue histopathology, serum biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein, creatinine, urea, glucose, ALT and AST transaminases, TC, LDL-c, TG, HDL-c), urinary parameters (creatinine, urea nitrogen, albumin, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio, glucose), injury and inflammatory biomarkers (KIM-1/TIM-1, TLR4, and NF-кB protein expression; IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression), or the expression of genes linked to cholesterol metabolism (HMG-CoA, Srebp2, Ldlr). Gl-1 and Gl-2 extracts showed prebiotic effects on the gut microbiota of male and female Wistar rats. Bacterial diversity and relative bacterial abundance (BRA) increased, positively modulating the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The ASA (10 mM) added to the substrate used for mushroom cultivation changed properties and effects of the Gl-2 extract on Wistar rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg body weight/day of Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts. Clinical trials are recommended for further exploring the potential therapeutic applications of studied extracts.

Evaluación del estado nutricional y calidad de la dieta en dos comunidades rurales, Puebla, México / Evaluation of nutritional status and diet quality in two rural communities, Puebla, Mexico

Introducción: Actualmente, la población en México atraviesa por problemas de salud y nutrición a consecuencia de la transición en la alimentación. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT 2018) reportó una prevalencia de 75.2% combinada de sobrepeso y obesidad, así como altas prevalencias de enfermedades asociadas, sin embargo, no existen reportes de comunidades rurales específicas, así como de un análisis sobre la calidad de la dieta e ingesta demicro y macronutrimentos. Objetivos: Realizar un diagnóstico del estado de nutrición y calidad de la dieta en habitantes de las comunidades rurales Santiago Coltzingo y San Miguel Tianguistenco, Puebla, México. Métodos: Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, así como parámetros bioquímicos y presión arterial. Por medio dela historia clínico-nutriológica y recordatorio de 24 horas, se evaluó la ingesta energética de macronutrimentos y micronutrimentos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 72 personas con edad de46.58±14.73 años. En base al IMC, el 90.3% de los voluntarios presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad. En hombres y mujeres, la media de índice cintura-cadera (0.96, 0.92) y circunferencia cintura (99.3 cm, 97.8 cm) mostraron alto riesgo cardiovascular, respectivamente. La hipertrigliceridemia (72.2%)fue la más frecuente en ambos sexos, seguido de la hiper-glucemia (58.3%) y la hipercolesterolemia (38.9%). El 15.3%presentó hipertensión. Existe un exceso en el consumo de energía, grasas y colesterol, así como baja ingesta de fibra, vitaminas B6, B9, calcio, potasio, selenio y zinc. Hay un bajo consumo de alimentos recomendables y un alto consumo de alimentos no recomendables. (AU)

Introduction: At present, there are healthy and nutritional problems in the Mexican population, derived from a transition of food patterns. The National Survey on Health and Nutrition (ENSANUT 2018) reported 75.2% of obesity and overweight prevalence, as well as a high prevalence of associated diseases. However, there are no reports about the situation in specific rural communities, including studies on diet quality and the intake of micro and macronutrients. Objectives: To perform a diagnosis of the nutritional status and diet quality, in inhabitants of rural communities Santiago Coltzingo and San Miguel Tianguistenco, Puebla, Mexico. Methods: Anthropometric measurements were recorded, as well as biochemical parameters and blood pressure. Energy intake of macronutrients and micronutrients was assessed through the clinical-nutritional history and a 24-hour reminder. Results: We evaluated 72 participant adults, 46.58 ±14.73 years old. On the basis of the body mass index (BMI), 90.3% of volunteers were overweight and obese. The mean waist/hip index (WHI: 0.96, 0.92) and mean waist circumferences (99.3 cm, 97.8 cm) indicated a higher cardiovascular risk of males and females, respectively. Hypertriglyceridemia (72.2%) was the most frequent in men and women, followed by hyperglycemia (58.3%) and hypercholesterolemia (38.9%). A proportion of participants (15.3%) had hypertension. Excesses in the consumption of energy, fat and cholesterol were recorded, as well as a low intake of fiber, vitamins B6, B9, calcium, potassium, selenium, and zinc. There was alow consumption of recommended food and a high consumption of non-recommended food. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of overweight, obesity and cardiovascular risk in rural communities of Santiago Coltzingo and San Miguel Tianguistenco. Diet quality was not adequate, and the consumption of traditional foods has decreased. Public strategies are needed for improving nutrition in rural areas of Mexico. (AU)