Children's use of demonstrative words: spatial deictics beyond infancy.

Demonstrative words are one of the most important ways of establishing reference in conversation. This work describes Spanish-speaking children's demonstrative production between ages 2 to 10 using data from the CHILDES corpora. Results indicate that children feature all demonstratives in their lexicon - however, the distal term is scarce throughout development. Moreover, patterns of demonstrative use are not adult-like at age 10. We compare adult and child data to conclude that children's development of demonstrative production is largely protracted. Adult use of the distal demonstrative is higher than in young children, although both older children and adults use the medial term ese more than any other demonstratives. In contrast, younger children use proximals relatively more frequently than older children and adults. Suggestions for future research and theoretical implications for the Spanish demonstrative system are discussed.

The extended development of mapping spatial demonstratives onto space.

Spatial demonstratives (this and that in English) convey distance relative to speaker (within reach vs. out of reach) and object characteristics such as ownership. Previous studies indicate that object characteristics affect adult demonstrative choice, for example, greater use of this for owned objects. Here, production of spatial demonstratives was studied developmentally to identify when demonstrative production is sensitive to both distance and ownership. In two experiments, 7-year-olds, 11-year-olds, and adults completed an object location memory task, and a language task eliciting this or that to indicate an object. Results indicate that adult-like demonstrative production starts around 7 years of age and continues to develop beyond 11 years. Nonlinguistic spatial memory did not vary significantly across age groups. Spatial demonstratives encode both semantic and spatial object characteristics throughout development, revealing the fundamental importance of semantic factors for demonstrative production.

Acquisition of Demonstratives in English and Spanish.

The present work re-evaluates the long-standing claim that demonstratives are among infants' earliest and most common words. Although demonstratives are deictic words important for joint attention, deictic gestures and non-word vocalizations could serve this function in early language development; the role of demonstratives may have been overestimated. Using extensive data from the CHILDES corpora (Study 1, N = 66, 265 transcripts) and McArthur-Bates CDI database (Study 2, N = 950), the language production of 18- to 24-month-old Spanish- and English-speaking children was analyzed to determine the age and order of acquisition, and frequency of demonstratives. Results indicate that demonstratives do not typically appear before the 50th word and only become frequent from the two-word utterance stage. Corpus data show few differences between Spanish and English, whereas parental report data suggest much later acquisition for demonstratives in English. These findings expand our knowledge of the foundations of deictic communication, and of the methodological challenges of assessing early production of function words.

Los niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista tienen déficits en las Funciones Ejecutivas / Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have Deficits in Executive Functions

Existe un creciente acuerdo científico sobre el hecho de que en personas con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) se identifican alteraciones neurológicas de considerable magnitud que tienen una base genética que se expresa en el desarrollo neuronal. Como consecuencia de esto se han identificado déficits en funciones cognitivas complejas en esta población, si bien los resultados hasta el momento son inconsistentes. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo ha sido la caracterización neuropsicológica de una población con TEA. Para ello, a una muestra de 18 niños diagnosticados con TEA, le hemos administrado una batería neuropsicológica amplia destinada a la evaluación de la atención y de las funciones ejecutivas. Los resultados obtenidos por el grupo experimental fueron contrastados con los alcanzados por una muestra de 18 niños con desarrollo típico. En ellos se muestra como el grupo con TEA tiene un déficit generalizado en atención y funciones ejecutivas, excepto en fluidez verbal con claves semánticas, planificación y flexibilidad cognitiva. Se requiere más investigación para clarificar la naturaleza de estos hallazgos

It exists a growing consensus about broad neurological abnormalities in people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and its genetic origin, which has its expression during the neural development. As a consequence, there have been identified several impairments in high order cognitive functions in this population. However the results remain inconsistent. Our research is aimed at the neuropsychological characterization of children with ASD. To that end, we assessed a sample of 18 children diagnosed of ASD with a broad neuropsychological test battery in order to evaluate attention and executive functioning. The results obtained by this experimental group were compared with a sample of 18 typically developing children. The results show a comprehensive impairment in attention and executive functioning in the ASD group, with the exception of verbal fluency with semantic clues, planning and cognitive flexibility. Further research is needed in order to clarify the origin of these results