ABSTRACT
Introduction: Atorvastatin has been used in the management of dyslipidemia and little is known about the efficacy and safety of high-dose atorvastatin administration for secondary prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events (MACE). Objective: To evaluate the impact of high-dose atorvastatin on secondary prevention of MACE and adverse events. Material and methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Pubmed, Embase, Bireme and Cochrane Library Plus databases was performed, with a time scope from 1990 to July 2022. Six randomized clinical trials were included with a total of 29,333 patients who were treated with 80 mg, 10 mg or placebo doses of Atorvastatin where the main outcomes evaluated were Major Cardiovascular Events (MACE), mortality and treatment safety. Results: In the comparative study between the use of Atorvastatin 80 mg and other therapies, a relative risk (RR) of 0.8 (95%CI 0.69-0.92) was found, representing a 20% reduction in risk (RRR) and a number needed to treat (NNT) of 30-55. In the analysis of adverse effects, an RR of 2.37 (95% CI 0.86-6.53) and a number needed to harm (NNH) of 14-19 were observed. The use of 80 mg atorvastatin is associated with similar adverse events at lower doses. Conclusions: The use of atorvastatin 80 mg is effective in the secondary prevention of Major Cardiovascular Event (MACE). The drug has adverse events that should be taken into account in secondary prevention.
Introducción: la atorvastatina ha sido usada en el manejo de la dislipidemia y se conoce poco sobre la eficacia y seguridad de la administración de atorvastatina en altas dosis para la prevención secundaria de eventos cardiovasculares mayores (MACE). Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de altas dosis de atorvastatina en la prevención secundaria de MACE y eventos adversos. Material y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de las bases de datos Pubmed, Embase, Bireme y Cochrane Library Plus, con un alcance temporal de 1990 a julio de 2022. Se incluyeron seis ensayos clínicos aleatorios con un total de 29,333 pacientes que fueron tratados con dosis de 80 mg, 10 mg o placebo de Atorvastatina donde los resultados principales evaluados fueron los eventos cardiovasculares mayores (MACE), la mortalidad y la seguridad del tratamiento. Resultados: en el estudio comparativo entre el uso de Atorvastatina de 80 mg y otras terapias, se encontró un riesgo relativo (RR) de 0.8 (IC95%: 0.69-0.92), lo que representa una reducción del 20% en el riesgo (RRR) y un número necesario a tratar (NNT) de 30 a 55. En el análisis de los efectos adversos, se observó un RR de 2.37 (IC95%: 0.86-6.53) y un número necesario a dañar (NNH) de 14 a 19. El uso de atorvastatina de 80 mg se asocia con eventos adversos similares a dosis menores. Conclusiones: el uso de atorvastatina de 80 mg es efectivo en la prevención secundaria de evento cardiovascular mayor (MACE). El medicamento tiene eventos adversos que deben de tomarse en cuenta en la prevención secundaria.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Humans , Atorvastatin/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Resumen: Introducción: el choque cardiogénico (CC) es un estado de hipoperfusión sistémica causado por disfunción cardíaca severa. La medición de la integral tiempo-velocidad del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo (ITV-TSVI, por sus siglas en inglés) < 15 cm permite evaluar la presencia del choque. Objetivo: evaluar a la ITV-TSVI < 15 cm como predictor de choque cardiogénico en el paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio anterior con elevación del segmento ST (IAM-ST). Material y métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo realizado de mayo a octubre de 2019. Se incluyeron pacientes con IAM-ST anterior y revascularización mediante intervencionismo coronario percutáneo. Se midió mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica la ITV-TSVI, se registraron y compararon las variables demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con ITV-TSVI < 15 cm versus aquéllos con ITV-TSVI ≥ 15 cm y se calculó la exactitud diagnóstica de la ITV-TSVI < 15 cm para predecir choque cardiogénico. Resultados: se analizaron los datos de 50 pacientes con media de edad: 63.5 ± 9.9 años, 70% fueron hombres, 54% tuvieron choque cardiogénico y la ITV-TSVI < 15 cm se presentó en 95.8% de los pacientes con choque cardiogénico. La exactitud diagnóstica del ITV-TSVI < 15 cm en choque cardiogénico en pacientes con IAM-ST anterior mostró sensibilidad de 85% y especificidad de 96%, con área bajo la curva: 0.90 (IC 95%: 0.81-0.99). Conclusión: el ITV-TSVI < 15 cm en pacientes con IAM-ST anterior tiene una exactitud diagnóstica muy buena para la predicción del choque cardiogénico.
Abstract: Introduction: cardiogenic shock (CC) is a state of systemic hypoperfusion caused by severe cardiac dysfunction. The measurement of the integral time-velocity of the left ventricular outflow tract (ITV-LVOT) < 15 cm allows to evaluate the presence of shock. Objective: to evaluate the ITV-TSVI < 15 cm as a predictor of cardiogenic shock in the patient with ST-segment elevation anterior acute myocardial infarction (ST-AMI). Material and methods: prospective observational study conducted from May to October 2019. Patients with previous ST-AMI and revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention were included. TVI-LVOT was measured by transthoracic echocardiography, the demographic and clinical variables of patients with TVI-LVOT < 15 cm vs. those with TVI-LVOT ≥ 15 cm were recorded and compared, and the diagnostic accuracy of TVI-LVOT < 15 cm to predict cardiogenic shock was calculated. Results: data from 50 patients were analyzed with a mean age of 63.5 ± 9.9 years, 70% were men, 54% had cardiogenic shock, and TVI-LVOT < 15 cm occurred in 95.8% of those patients with shock. cardiogenic. The diagnostic accuracy of the TVI-LVOT < 15 cm for cardiogenic shock in patients with anterior ST-AMI showed sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 96%, with area under the curve: 0.90 (95% CI: 0.81-0.99). Conclusion: The TVI-LVOT < 15 cm in patients with anterior ST-AMI has a very good diagnostic accuracy for the prediction of cardiogenic shock.
Resumo: Introdução: o choque cardiogênico (CC) é um estado de hipoperfusão sistêmica causado por disfunções cardíacas severas. A medição da integral velocidade-tempo da vía de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (ITV-TSVI, por suas siglas em inglês) < 15 cm permite avaliar a presença do choque. Objetivo: avaliar a integral tempo-velocidade da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (ITV-TSVI) < 15 cm como preditor de choque cardiogênico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio anterior com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAM-ST). Material e métodos: estudo observacional prospectivo realizado de maio a outubro de 2019. Incluíram-se pacientes com IAM-ST anterior e revascularização por intervenção coronária percutânea. Mediu-se por ecocardiografia transtorácica a ITV-TSVI, foram registradas e comparadas as variáveis demográficas e clínicas de pacientes com ITV-TSVI < 15 cm versus aqueles com ITV-TSVI ≥ 15 cm, e calculo-se a precisão diagnóstica de ITV-TSVI < 15 cm para prever o choque cardiogênico. Resultados: analizaram-se dados de 50 pacientes com idade média de 63.5 (± 9.9) anos, 70% eram homens, 54% apresentavam choque cardiogênico e ITV-TSVI < 15 cm apresentou-se em 95.8% dos pacientes com choque cardiogênico. A precisão diagnóstica do ITV-TSVI < 15 cm para choque cardiogênico em pacientes com IAM-ST anterior apresentou sensibilidade de 85% e especificidade de 96%, com área sob a curva: 0.90 (IC 95%: 0.81-0.99). Conclusão: ITV-TSVI < 15 cm em pacientes com IAM-ST anterior tem uma precisão diagnóstica muito boa para prever o choque cardiogênico.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiac diseases complicate 4% of pregnancies, with a mortality rate between 0 and 15%. Early referral has shown to reduce the risk of maternal major cardiac events (MACEs). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of pregnant women with heart disease from two referral centers in Mexico City. We examined MACEs: maternal death, pulmonary edema, acute heart failure, endocarditis, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute aortic syndromes, arrhythmias requiring urgent treatment, and the need for an urgent intervention; preterm birth and obstetric events such as HELLP syndrome, preeclampsia, eclampsia, placental abruption, obstetric hemorrhage. We analyzed the association between each modified World Health Organization (mWHO) group and MACEs, preterm birth and obstetric outcomes between March 2014 and March 2019. RESULTS: Using the mWHO classification, 399 deliveries were included and stratified as follows: I, 162; II, 133; II-III, 21; III, 18; and IV, 52 patients. MACEs were observed in 12.5% of the cohort and were associated with mWHO II (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.1-8.1; p = 0.027), II-III (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.0; p = 0.116), III (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.2-23; p = 0.026), and IV (OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 2.7-24.5; p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, desaturation, previous functional class, and gestational age at referral. An association between mWHO and frequency of preterm birth was observed. Association between mWHO and obstetric events, even when adjusted, was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MACEs and preterm birth is similar to that seen worldwide; MACEs and preterm birth are associated with the severity of heart disease stratified by mWHO, but there is no association between the severity of heart disease and obstetric events.
