ABSTRACT
The different sets of criteria for diagnosis or classification of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) lead to numerous overlapping and reclassified diagnoses in clinical practice. We designed this study to assess the difficulties in classifying patients with AAV. As a secondary objective, different variables were tested to predict prognosis. We conducted a retrospective chart review in a Western Spain multicentre survey. A total of 115 adult patients diagnosed with AAV from 2002 to 2013 and followed for at least 3 years were included. They were classified according to (1) Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC), (2) European Medicines Agency algorithm and (3) French Vasculitis Study Group/European Vasculitis Society phenotypes. Fifty-three patients (46%) had neither distinctive histopathological data of a single AAV definition nor any surrogate markers for granulomatous inflammation and thus did not fulfill any diagnostic criteria. Ocular, ear, nose, throat, skin, and lung involvement were more frequent with proteinase 3 (PR3) antibodies, whereas peripheral neuropathy was more frequent with myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies. When the disease was severe at diagnosis, the HR for mortality was 10.44. When induction treatment was not given in accordance with the guidelines, the HR for mortality was 4.00. For maintenance treatment, the HR was 5.49 for mortality and 2.48 for relapse. AAV classification is difficult because many patients had neither specific clinical data nor distinctive histological features of a single CHCC definition. A structured clinical assessment of patient severity is the best tool to guide the management of AAV.
Subject(s)
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/classification , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/pathology , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/physiopathology , Mortality , Aged , Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis/immunology , Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/immunology , Churg-Strauss Syndrome/classification , Churg-Strauss Syndrome/immunology , Churg-Strauss Syndrome/pathology , Churg-Strauss Syndrome/physiopathology , Epistaxis/immunology , Epistaxis/pathology , Epistaxis/physiopathology , Eye Diseases/immunology , Eye Diseases/pathology , Eye Diseases/physiopathology , Female , Gastrointestinal Diseases/immunology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Gastrointestinal Diseases/physiopathology , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/classification , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/immunology , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/pathology , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/physiopathology , Humans , Hypertension/immunology , Hypertension/pathology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Kidney Diseases/immunology , Kidney Diseases/pathology , Kidney Diseases/physiopathology , Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology , Lung Diseases/immunology , Lung Diseases/pathology , Lung Diseases/physiopathology , Male , Microscopic Polyangiitis/classification , Microscopic Polyangiitis/immunology , Microscopic Polyangiitis/pathology , Microscopic Polyangiitis/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Myeloblastin/immunology , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/immunology , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/pathology , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology , Peroxidase/immunology , Primary Prevention , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Sinusitis/immunologyABSTRACT
AIM: To ascertain the role of cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, standard treatments and other diseases in the development of ischemic colitis (IC). METHODS: A retrospective, case-control study was designed, using matched data and covering 161 incident cases of IC who required admission to our hospital from 1998 through 2003. IC was diagnosed on the basis of endoscopic findings and diagnostic or compatible histology. Controls were randomly chosen from a cohort of patients who were admitted in the same period and required a colonoscopy, excluding those with diagnosis of colitis. Cases were matched with controls (ratio 1:2), by age and sex. A conditional logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: A total of 483 patients (161 cases, 322 controls) were included; mean age 75.67 ± 10.03 years, 55.9% women. The principal indications for colonoscopy in the control group were lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (35.4%), anemia (33.9%), abdominal pain (19.9%) and diarrhea (9.6%). The endoscopic findings in this group were hemorrhoids (25.5%), diverticular disease (30.4%), polyps (19.9%) and colorectal cancer (10.2%). The following variables were associated with IC in the univariate analysis: arterial hypertension (P = 0.033); dyslipidemia (P < 0.001); diabetes mellitus (P = 0.025); peripheral arterial disease (P = 0.004); heart failure (P = 0.026); treatment with hypotensive drugs (P = 0.023); angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; (P = 0.018); calcium channel antagonists (P = 0.028); and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (P < 0.001). Finally, the following variables were independently associated with the development of IC: diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001-3.077, P = 0.046]; dyslipidemia (OR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.26-3.57, P = 0.004); heart failure (OR 3.17, 95% CI: 1.31-7.68, P = 0.01); peripheral arterial disease (OR 4.1, 95% CI: 1.32-12.72, P = 0.015); treatment with digoxin (digitalis) (OR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.084-0.857, P = 0.026); and ASA (OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.16-3.36, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The development of an episode of IC was independently associated with diabetes, dyslipidemia, presence of heart failure, peripheral arterial disease and treatment with digoxin or ASA.
