ABSTRACT
Background: Insomnia is the sleep disorder with the highest incidence worldwide. It is estimated that this condition increases the risk of developing psychiatric, neurological, and cardiovascular problems. Due to this, it is important to have brief, reliable and valid psychometric instruments that allow health personnel their timely detection in first level health centers. Objectives: Analyze the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in its version adapted to Spanish in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods: The sample consisted of 310 adults, 223 (71.9%) women and 87 (28.1%) men. The comparison of four ISI measurement models of one, two and three factors and a bifactor model was carried out, its internal consistency was analyzed, an analysis of invariance by sex and correlation analysis with the Athens and Epworth scales. Results: The ISI bifactor model with a general factor (G) and a specific factor for insomnia impact (I) showed the best fit indices (χ2= 29.48, gl = 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), and demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance by sex. Adequate reliability was demonstrated by Omega coefficients (General: ωG= 0.86, Impact: ωI= 0.86) showed adequate reliability; the scale showed very strong correlations with the Athens scale (rAGoverall= 0.84; rAImpact=0.75) and weak to moderate correlations with the Epworth scale (rEGeneral= 0.39; rEImpact=0.44). Conclusions: The ISI bifactor version in Spanish presents adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of insomnia and, as it is a brief tool, it can be used at different levels of health care.
Introducción: El insomnio es el trastorno de sueño de mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Se estima que este padecimiento eleva el riesgo de desarrollar problemas psiquiátricos, neurológicos y cardiovasculares. Debido a ello es importante tener instrumentos psicométricos breves, confiables y válidos que permitan al personal de salud su oportuna detección en los centros de salud de primer nivel. Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Severidad de Insomnio (ISI) en su versión adaptada al español en una muestra de adultos mexicanos. Método: Participaron 310 adultos, 223 (71.9%) mujeres y 87 (28.1%) hombres. Se realizó la comparación de cuatro modelos de medida del ISI de uno, dos y tres factores y un modelo bifactor, se analizó su consistencia interna, un análisis de invarianza por sexo y análisis de correlación con las escalas de Atenas y de Epworth. Resultados: Se encontró que el modelo ISI bifactor con un factor general (G) y uno específico de Impacto del insomnio (I) fue el que mostró los mejores índices de ajuste (χ2=29.48, gl= 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), y que presenta invarianza configuracional, métrica y escalar por sexo. El coeficiente Omega (General: ωG =0.86, Impacto: ωI=0.86 ) mostraron una confiabilidad adecuada; la escala mostró correlaciones muy fuertes con la escala Atenas (rAGeneral= 0.84; rAImpacto=0.75) y débiles a moderadas con la escala Epworth (rEGeneral= 0.39; rEImpacto=0.44). Conclusiones: La versión ISI bifactor en español presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para la medición del insomnio y al ser una herramienta breve puede emplearse en diferentes niveles de atención a la salud.
ABSTRACT
Background: Insomnia is the sleep disorder with the highest incidence worldwide. It is estimated that this condition increases the risk of developing psychiatric, neurological, and cardiovascular problems. Due to this, it is important to have brief, reliable and valid psychometric instruments that allow health personnel their timely detection in first level health centers. Objectives: Analyze the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in its version adapted to Spanish in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods: The sample consisted of 310 adults, 223 (71.9%) women and 87 (28.1%) men. The comparison of four ISI measurement models of one, two and three factors and a bifactor model was carried out, its internal consistency was analyzed, an analysis of invariance by sex and correlation analysis with the Athens and Epworth scales. Results: The ISI bifactor model with a general factor (G) and a specific factor for insomnia impact (I) showed the best fit indices (χ2= 29.48,gl= 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), and demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance by sex. Adequate reliability was demonstrated by Omega coefficients (General: ω G = 0.86, Impact: ω I = 0.86) showed adequate reliability; the scale showed very strong correlations with the Athens scale (rAGoverall= 0.84; rAImpact=0.75) and weak to moderate correlations with the Epworth scale (r EGeneral = 0.39;r EImpact= 0.44). Conclusions: The ISI bifactor version in Spanish presents adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of insomnia and, as it is a brief tool, it can be used at different levels of health care.
Introducción: El insomnio es el trastorno de sueño de mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Se estima que este padecimiento eleva el riesgo de desarrollar problemas psiquiátricos, neurológicos y cardiovasculares. Debido a ello es importante tener instrumentos psicométricos breves, confiables y válidos que permitan al personal de salud su oportuna detección en los centros de salud de primer nivel. Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Severidad de Insomnio (ISI) en su versión adaptada al español en una muestra de adultos mexicanos. Método: Participaron 310 adultos, 223 (71.9%) mujeres y 87 (28.1%) hombres. Se realizó la comparación de cuatro modelos de medida del ISI de uno, dos y tres factores y un modelo bifactor, se analizó su consistencia interna, un análisis de invarianza por sexo y análisis de correlación con las escalas de Atenas y de Epworth. Resultados: Se encontró que el modelo ISI bifactor con un factor general (G) y uno específico de Impacto del insomnio (I) fue el que mostró los mejores índices de ajuste (χ2=29.48,gl= 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), y que presenta invarianza configuracional, métrica y escalar por sexo. El coeficiente Omega (General: ω G =0.86, Impacto: ω I =0.86 ) mostraron una confiabilidad adecuada; la escala mostró correlaciones muy fuertes con la escala Atenas (r AGeneral =0.84; rAImpacto=0.75) y débiles a moderadas con la escala Epworth (r EGeneral =0.39; rEImpacto=0.44). Conclusiones: La versión ISI bifactor en español presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para la medición del insomnio y al ser una herramienta breve puede emplearse en diferentes niveles de atención a la salud.
ABSTRACT
La Enfermedad Renal Crónica [ERC] es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En México, en el año 2018 murieron 13.845 personas por estacausa. El incremento en el riesgo de mortalidad está asociado a la falta de apego al tratamiento. En pacientes pediátricos, una parte importante delmanejo de la enfermedad recae en el cuidador primario. El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar la eficacia de una intervención cognitivoconductual para mejorar la adhesión al tratamiento y la calidad de vida, así como promover recursos psicológicos en pacientes pediátricos con ERCen tratamiento de hemodiálisis y al mismo tiempo disminuir la carga en sus cuidadores primarios. El estudio empleó un diseño mixto, longitudinal, queincluyó pre-test, una intervención cognitivo conductual de ocho sesiones en el que se utilizó un manual, una evaluación post-test y un seguimiento a losdos meses. Participaron 5 pacientes pediátricos entre 12 y 17 años de edad y sus cuidadores primarios que asistían a un hospital público de la ciudadde Morelia, Michoacán, en México. Los resultados cuantitativos mostraron una mejora en la adhesión terapéutica, en la calidad de vida global y en losrecursos psicológicos de los pacientes, así como una disminución de la carga en los cuidadores primarios. Los hallazgos cualitativos mostraron que lospacientes lograron entender su padecimiento, expresaron sus emociones respecto a la enfermedad y reconocieron el apoyo de su cuidador primario.Se concluye que el tratamiento cognitivo conductual es una propuesta de intervención eficaz para mejorar las variables de estudio. (AU)
Cognitive behavioral intervention to promote adherence to medical treatment, psychological resources, and quality of life in pediatric hemodialysispatients in Mexico. Chronic Kidney Disease [CKD] is a public health problem worldwide. In Mexico, in 2018 13,845 people died from this cause.The increased risk of mortality is associated with the lack of adherence to treatment. In pediatric patients, an important part of disease managementfall on the primary caregiver. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral intervention to improveadherence to treatment and quality of life, as well as to promote psychological resources in pediatric patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysistreatment and at the same time reduce the burden on their primary caregivers. The study used a mixed longitudinal design, with a pretest measurement, an 8-session cognitive-behavioral intervention using a manual, a post-test, and a 2-month follow-up test. Five pediatric patients between 12 and 17 years of age and their primary caregivers who attended a public hospital in the city of Morelia, Michoacán, in Mexico participated. The quantitative results showed an improvement in the therapeutic adherence, in the global quality of life and in the psychological resources of the patients,as well as a decrease in the burden on the primary caregivers. Qualitative findings showed that patients understood their condition, expressed theiremotions about the disease, and recognized the support of their primary caregiver. It is concluded that cognitive behavioral treatment is an effectiveintervention proposal to improve the study variables. (AU)
Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Quality of Life/psychology , Primary Nursing , Child Care , Psychosocial Support Systems , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/psychology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Mexico , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
It has been identified that the treatment perception is associated with adherence behaviors and the clinicalresults in chronic diseases, hence the importance of having instruments to evaluate this variable. Thiswork sought to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Medication BeliefQuestionnaire (BMQ) in a clinical sample of 310 Mexican adults with asthma (74.2% women, Mage=43.98, SD= 14.712). Six structural models are compared, including the original and the adaptationto Spanish. The results show a better fit to a model of three correlated factors (Necessity, Concernand Harm) with an excellent fit (χ2= 143.791. g= 87, p >.001, CFI= .967, TLI= .961, RMSEA= .05).Evidence of convergent and criterion validity with treatment adherence was obtained, corroboratingthe relationship between positive treatment perception and adherence behaviors (r= .421, p <.001) andnegative treatment perception and non-adherence (r= -.223, p <.001). Furthermore, it was identified thatpatients with a positive treatment perception are more adherent than those with a negative treatmentperception (χ2= 13.645, p <.001, OR= 2.462 [CI= 1.518-3.991]). It is concluded that the BMQ is areliable and valid instrument to evaluate the treatment perception in Mexican patients with asthma,in addition to being sensitive to detect adherent and non-adherent patients (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Surveys and Questionnaires , Asthma/therapy , Cultural Characteristics , Translations , MexicoABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To analyze the factorial structure of the eight short versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and analyze the factorial invariance of the best model, its convergent validity and its internal consistency in three age groups of Mexican women. METHODS: Women attending middle school (n = 261), high school (n = 245) and university (n = 296) participated in the study; their average age was 16.52 years (SD = 2.98), and they completed the BSQ, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Questionnaire on the Influences of the Aesthetic Body Ideal (CIMEC, its acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: The BSQ-8D model showed the best goodness-of-fit indices and evidence for configural, metric, scalar and structural invariance. Both the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the Omega coefficient for the BSQ-8D were .89. Likewise, the BSQ-8D was correlated with the EAT-40 (r = .60, p < .001) and the CIMEC (r = .77, p < .001), and both the total score and its items discriminated between women with and without abnormal eating behaviors (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The BSQ-8D has the best psychometric properties for the measurement of body dissatisfaction in the general population of Mexican women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Subject(s)
Body Image , Somatotypes , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad a nivel mundial. Se calcula que en México existen alrededor de 140.000 pacientes con este padecimiento. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo comprender los factores que facilitan e inhiben la adherencia al tratamiento de los pacientes pediátricos con ERC, dando énfasis en el abordaje interdisciplinario y en la inclusión del/la psicólogo/a para favorecer la atención integral de los pacientes. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo cualitativo, por medio de la técnica de entrevista con análisis por categorías. Participaron cuatro profesionales: un médico, una enfermera, una nutrióloga y una psicóloga del Hospital Infantil y de la Clínica de Hemodiálisis Galeno en Morelia, Michoacán, México. Los resultados mostraron la importancia del acompañamiento psicológico al paciente para la aceptación del diagnóstico, el manejo emocional, la adherencia al tratamiento y apoyo social, en especial con su cuidador/a primario. Finalmente, se propone un modelo de atención al paciente con ERC desde un enfoque interdisciplinario.
Abstract Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. In Mexico there are around 140,000 patients with this condition. The aim of this research was understand the factors that facilitate and inhibit the adherence to treatment of pediatric patients with CKD, with interdisciplinary approach and the inclusion of the psychologist to promote comprehensive patient care. A descriptive qualitative study was carried out by the interview technique with analysis by categories. Four professionals participated: a doctor, a nurse, a nutritionist and a psychologist of the Children's Hospital and of Galeno Hemodialysis Clinic in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. The results showed the importance of psychological support to the patient for the acceptance of the diagnosis, emotional management, adherence to treatment and social support, especially with their primary caregiver. Finally, a model of CKD patient care is proposed from an interdisciplinary approach.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Patient Care Team , Psychology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , InfantABSTRACT
Abstract The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the internal structure of the Spanish adaptation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al., 1974) given its usefulness and relevance in the prediction of suicidal behaviors. The responses to the scale of 1260 university students (M = 4.79, SD = 4.29) and of a clinical sample in which 150 young people with suicide attempt of high lethality (M = 8.51, SD = 2.38) participated were analyzed. The internal structure of the scale is examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in three phases. In the first phase, the original model is compared with four models found in the different adaptations to Spanish; in the second phase, models that analyze acquiescence are taken into account, and in the third phase, a cross-validation of those models with a clinical population is made. The results indicate that the scale is one-dimensional both in the case of clinical samples (χ2 = 154.84, gl = 135, p <0.001, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03), as well as in the general population. However, for the latter, a method factor was added for the treatment of acquiescence (χ2 = 252.14, gl = 134, p <0.001, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.03). The results show the importance of using analyzes and models that consider the nature of the data and the characteristics of the sample to provide more solid evidence for construct validity.
Resumen El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la estructura interna de la adaptación al español de Escala de Desesperanza de Beck et al. (1974), dada su utilidad y relevancia en la predicción de conductas suicidas. Para esto, se analizaron las respuestas a la escala de 1260 estudiantes universitarios (M = 4.79; DT = 4.29) y de una muestra clínica en la que participaron 150 jóvenes con intento de suicidio de alta letalidad (M = 8.51; DT = 2.38). Se examinó la estructura interna por medio del Análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) en tres fases: en la primera, se comparó el modelo original con cuatro modelos encontrados en las diferentes adaptaciones al español; en la segunda, se tomaron en cuenta modelos que analizan la aquiescencia; y en la tercera, se hizo una validación cruzada de esos modelos con población clínica. Los resultados señalan que la escala es unidimensional tanto en el caso de las muestras clínicas(χ2 = 154.84, gl = 135, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03) como en la población universitaria; sin embargo, a esta última se le añadió un factor de método para el tratamiento de la aquiescencia (χ2 = 252.14, gl = 134, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.03). Los resultados muestran la importancia de utilizar análisis y modelos que consideren la naturaleza de los datos y las características de la muestra para aportar evidencias más sólidas para la validez de constructo.
ABSTRACT
Currently, information about the psychometric properties of the Social Support Networks Scale (SSNS) for family caregivers of children with cancer is not yet available; therefore, there is no empirical evidence of its validity and reliability to support its use in this population. The aim of this study is to determine a factorial model of the SSNS, estimate its internal consistency reliability, describe its distribution, and check its concurrent validity. A convenience sample of 633 family caregivers of children with cancer hospitalized in a National Institute of Health in Mexico City was collected. The SSNS, a sociodemographic variables questionnaire, and three instruments that evaluated family functioning, quality of life, and resilience were applied. The five-factor model had a poor data fit and lacked discriminant validity. The sample was divided. In a subsample of 316 participants, exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor model. When testing the four-factor model through confirmatory factor analysis, religious support was independent of family support, friend support, and lack of support. In the other subsample of 317 participants, the one-factor model for religious support had a good fit, and the correlated three-factor model, with the remaining factors, showed an acceptable fit. Reliability ranged from acceptable (Guttman's λ2 = 0.72) to good (λ2 = 0.88). Socio-family support and its three factors were correlated with family functioning, resilience, and quality of life. Religious support was correlated with four factors of resilience and quality of life. A scale of socio-family support with three factors and an independent scale for religious support are defined from the SSNS, and they showed internal consistency and construct validity.
Subject(s)
Caregivers , Neoplasms , Child , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Humans , Mexico , Psychometrics , Quality of Life , Reproducibility of Results , Social Support , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Suicide rates in Mexico have increased and have more than doubled in the state of Aguascalientes over the past 10 years. Few studies have been able to control for family, neighborhood, and occupational environment factors that may confound the association between psychosocial characteristics and suicidal behavior. We study suicidal behavior among adolescents and young adults in Mexico utilizing epidemiologic research strategies to overcome prior research deficiencies. In a case-control study with youth and adults 14-42 years of age, recent cases of severe suicidal behavior (n = 150) were individually matched with up to three controls who had never had a suicidal attempt by age and sex, as well as within familial, neighborhood, and occupational contexts (n = 353). Data were collected through standardized face-to-face interviews to measure suicidal behavior and several covariates, including family relations, psychological resources, hopelessness, depression, self-esteem, stress, impulsivity, anxiety, and substance use. All measures demonstrated good to excellent precision and accuracy. Compared with their matched controls, cases perceived life events as more stressful and had worse depression and familial relationships; poorer development of affective, religious, and social resources; higher levels of hopelessness and impulsive behavior; and lower self-esteem. Evidence from multivariate analysis suggests highly probable MDE combined with low self-esteem and the use of two or more drugs in the past month more clearly differentiate cases and controls and, therefore, may best predict suicidal attempt among adolescents and young adults in Aguascalientes, Mexico.
Subject(s)
Suicidal Ideation , Suicide, Attempted , Adolescent , Anxiety , Case-Control Studies , Humans , Mexico , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
El rasgo de Búsqueda de Sensaciones (BS) se puede entender como la necesidad de sensaciones y experiencias nuevas, variadas y complejas, y el deseo de arriesgarse con el fin de obtenerlas. Este rasgo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de realizar conductas peligrosas y con diferentes trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, en México no se conoce el comportamiento de la escala más utilizada para evaluar la BS cuando se utiliza en adolescentes. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Búsqueda de Sensaciones Forma V (Sensation Seeking Scale Form V), analizando su consistencia interna, su validez convergente y fiabilidad considerando la naturaleza dicotómica de los datos. Participaron 334 estudiantes de secundaria, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 15 años tanto mujeres (n=171) como hombres (n = 163). En los resultados se identificaron 20 ítems que se distribuían en tres factores mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio que se calculó con la mitad de la muestra. Esta estructura mostró un ajuste adecuado en el análisis confirmatorio que se realizó con la otra parte de la muestra (χ2 = 213.78, gl = 167, p < 0.05, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.04). Se calcularon los índices de fiabilidad (KR = 0.78, Omega = 0.94), se encontraron correlaciones con la escala de impulsividad (r = .39), la escala de uso de sustancias (r =.31 ) y con depresión (r = .26 ). Tanto en la escala total como en los factores se observaron mayores puntuaciones en hombres que en mujeres
The Sensation Seeking (SS) trait is conceived as the need for new, varied and complex sensations and experiences, and the desire to take risks in order to experience them. The trait is associated with a higher risk of dangerous behaviors and with different mental disorders. However, in Mexico, the performance of the scale most used to assess BS when used in adolescents is not known. For this reason, the objective of this research is to study the psychometric properties of the Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V (Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V), its internal consistency, its convergent validity and reliability considering the dichotomous nature of the data. 334 high school students participated, aged between 12 and 15 years, both women (n = 171) and men (n = 163). Results: 20 items were identified that were distributed in three factors through an exploratory factor analysis that was calculated with half of the sample This structure showed an adequate fit in the confirmatory analysis that was carried out with the other part of the sample
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychometrics , Mental Disorders , Research , Sensation , Behavior , Risk , Depression , MexicoABSTRACT
Abstract Resilience implies a process of positive adjustment to adverse conditions. The growing interest in their study demands the need for valid and reliable measurement instruments that allow assessments with scientific rigor in different types of populations. The aim of the present research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Resilience Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. 512 students from a high school of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico, participated. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-dimensional composition with 18 items than explain 61.18% of the variance, with an excellent level of reliability (a = .90). Through confirmatory factor analysis, the model was corroborated, presenting adequate levels of adjustment. Convergent validity was assessed using Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, obtaining significant positive correlations with the dimensions of resilience. The divergent validity was assessed through the Depression Scale of the Epidemiological Studies Center - Revised, showing significant negative correlations. Results and practical implications are discussed.
Resumo O estudo da resiliência, capacidade que implica um processo de adaptação positiva às condições de adversidade, passou por um crescente interesse nos últimos anos que demanda a necessidade de contar com instrumentos de medição válidos e confiáveis que permitam realizar avaliações com rigor científico em diferentes tipos de população. Por esse motivo, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Resiliência para Crianças e Adolescentes com uma amostra de 512 estudantes do Ensino Médio preparatório da Universidade de Guadalajara, no México. Inicialmente, realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória que resultou em uma composição de quatro dimensões com 18 itens que explicam 61,18% da variância, com um nível de confiabilidade alto (a = .90), e uma análise fatorial confirmatória com a qual se corroborou o modelo, com níveis adequados de ajuste. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a validade convergente do instrumento com a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, com a qual foram obtidas correlações positivas significativas com as dimensões da resiliência. E, por último, aplicou-se a validade divergente com a Escala de Depressão do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos (Revisada), com a qual foram encontradas correlações negativas significativas. Por fim, discutem-se os resultados e as implicações práticas.
Resumen El estudio de la resiliencia, capacidad que implica un proceso de adaptación positiva a condiciones de adversidad, ha tenido un creciente interés en los últimos años que demanda la necesidad de contar con instrumentos de medición válidos y confiables que permitan hacer evaluaciones con rigor científico en diferentes tipos de poblaciones. Por esta razón, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Resiliencia para Niños y Adolescentes con una muestra de 512 estudiantes de una preparatoria de la Universidad de Guadalajara, México. Inicialmente, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que arrojó una composición de cuatro dimensiones con 18 ítems que explican 61.18% de la varianza, con un nivel de confiabilidad alto (a = .90); y un análisis factorial confirmatorio con el que se corroboró el modelo, con niveles adecuados de ajuste. Posteriormente, se evaluó la validez convergente del instrumento con la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, donde se obtuvieron correlaciones positivas significativas con las dimensiones de la resiliencia. Y, por último, se valoró la validez divergente con la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (Revisada), donde se encontraron correlaciones significativas negativas. Al final se discuten los resultados y las implicaciones prácticas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Adolescent , Resilience, PsychologicalABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la estructura factorial de la versión en castellano de la Escala Breve de Resiliencia (BRS) tomando en cuenta la aquiescencia (tendencia a responder de manera positiva) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos (N=1572) y una validación cruzada de los mismos modelos con estudiantes universitarios chilenos (N=1345). Se comparan seis modelos mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, en tres de ellos se utilizan diferentes factores de método para tratar la aquiescencia. Los resultados muestran que en estudiantes mexicanos se observa mejor ajuste en estos modelos, especialmente en el modelo de un factor teórico llamado Resiliencia que tiene dos factores de método (c2 =32.22, gl=7, p < 0.001, NFI= 0.98, GFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.048), mientras que en estudiantes chilenos los modelos que no utilizan factores para tratar la aquiescencia son los de mejor ajuste, específicamente los modelos de dos factores correlacionados y también el modelo al que se añade un factor de segundo orden (c2 =34.66, gl=8, p < 0.001, NFI= 0.98, GFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.05). La aquiescencia afecta de manera diferencial a las muestras utilizadas por lo que es importante analizar la presencia de estilos de respuesta asociados a la aquiescencia
The aim of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure of the Spanish version of Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) considering the acquiescence bias (tendency to respond for one side of the scale) in a large sample of Mexican university students (N=1572) and a cross-validation of the same models with Chilean university students (N=1345). Six models are compared using Factorial Confirmatory Analysis, in three of them different method factors are used to treat acquiescence. The results show that in Mexican students a better fit is observed in these models especially in the model of a general factor called Resilience that has two factors of method (c2 =32.22, gl=7, p < .001, NFI= .98, GFI = .99, RMSEA = .048), while in the Chilean students the models that do not use factors to deal with acquiescence are the ones of better fit, specifically the models of two correlated factors and also the model to which a factor of second order is added (c2 =34.66, gl=8, p < .001, NFI= .98, GFI = .99, RMSEA = .05). The acquiescence affects each of the samples used differently, so it is important to analyze the presence of response styles associated with acquiescence
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Resilience, Psychological , Students/psychology , Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Informed Consent/statistics & numerical data , Models, Psychological , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Students/statistics & numerical data , Mexico/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Self-Assessment , Cross-Sectional Studies , 24436 , 28599 , PsychometricsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In the XXI century anxiety disorders have become the most prevalent in Mexico, excessive worry is one of the first features that allows its identification. Have a valid and reliable instrument to assess the pathological worry is essential to identify the disorder from the beginning. METHOD: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ) in the four different versions used in clinical contexts in Spanish-speaking countries: the original scale (PSWQ-16), the direct form of the scale (PSWQ-16D) and two abbreviated versions (PSWQ-11 y PSWQ-8). A total of 2,267 participants were given those versions of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Our results suggest that the original scale (16 items) fits to two related factors model. However, the analysis of the PSWQ version with all the items in its direct form and short versions (11 and 8 direct items), together with other arguments indicate that it is more convenient to conceive a one dimensional construct. Besides high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and adequate concurrent and discriminant validity. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest use of the short versions (11 and 8 direct items) which shows a one-dimensional structure and the best goodness of fit indices. Results are discussed and future research are suggested.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/diagnosis , Test Anxiety Scale , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , Test Anxiety Scale/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Resumen Se describe el proceso de adaptación transcultural del ISSIQ-A en adolescentes mexicanos entre 11 y 19 años de edad. Se realizaron dos traducciones y una retrotraducción verificando la equivalencia semántica y conceptual con la versión original en inglés. Se realizaron entrevistas cognitivas con la población objetivo y se comprobó la comprensión de los ítems, instrucciones y categorías de respuesta. La fiabilidad fue alta para el instrumento completo (⍺ = .93) y moderada en la mayoría de las dimensiones (⍺min= .67 a ⍺max = .94). La reproducibilidad evaluada a una semana fue moderada. Tanto el efecto piso techo como la max validez convergente y divergente fue adecuada. Mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio se comprobó el modelo de cuatro factores y dos subescalas. Los resultados indican que la versión mexicana del ISSIQ-A es un instrumento válido y fiable para identificar y evaluar la autolesión no suicida y variables asociadas en adolescentes mexicanos.
Abstract This study described the transcultural adaptation process of the ISSIQ-A in a Mexican population of adolescents between 11 to 19 years old. Two translations and a back-translation were carried out, verifying the semantic and conceptual equivalence with the original version in English. Cognitive interviews were conducted with the target population and the understanding of the ítems, instructions and response categories were verified. The reliability was high for the complete instrument (⍺ = .93) and moderate for most of the dimensions (⍺min = .67 to ⍺max = .94). The reproducibility evaluated at one week was moderate. Both the floor and ceiling effect and the convergent and divergent validity were adequate. Through confirmatory factor analysis, the four-factor model and two subscales were confirmed. The results indicate that the Mexican version of the ISSIQ-A is a valid and reliable instrument to identify and evaluate non-suicidal self-harm and associated variables in Mexican adolescents.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Surveys and Questionnaires , Self-Injurious Behavior/psychology , Suicidal Ideation , Impulsive Behavior , Translations , Factor Analysis, Statistical , MexicoABSTRACT
Introducción. En el siglo XXI los trastornos de ansiedad se han convertido en los más prevalentes en México, la preocupación excesiva es una de las primeras características que permiten su identificación. Contar con un instrumento válido y fiable que evalúe la preocupación patológica es fundamental para identificar el trastorno en su inicio. Metodología. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de Preocupación Pensilvania (PSWQ) en las cuatro diferentes versiones utilizadas en contextos clínicos en países de habla hispana: la escala original (PSWQ-16), la escala con ítems directos (PSWQ-16D) y dos versiones abreviadas (PSWQ-11 y PSWQ-8). Un total de 2.267 participantes respondieron a las diferentes versiones de los cuestionarios. Resultados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la escala original (de 16 ítems) ajusta mejor al modelo de 2 factores relacionados. Sin embargo, el análisis con la versión del PSWQ con los reactivos directos y las versiones reducidas (de 11 y 8 reactivos), junto a otros argumentos indican que es más conveniente concebir el constructo de forma unidimensional. Además se observó una elevada consistencia interna y fiabilidad test-retest, así como una adecuada validez concurrente y discriminante. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren utilizar las versiones reducidas que muestran una estructura de un solo factor y mejores indicadores de ajuste. Se discuten los resultados y se sugieren futuras investigaciones
Background. In the XXI century anxiety disorders have become the most prevalent in Mexico, excessive worry is one of the first features that allows its identification. Have a valid and reliable instrument to assess the pathological worry is essential to identify the disorder from the beginning. Method. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ) in the four different versions used in clinical contexts in Spanish-speaking countries: the original scale (PSWQ-16), the direct form of the scale (PSWQ-16D) and two abbreviated versions (PSWQ-11 y PSWQ-8). A total of 2,267 participants were given those versions of the questionnaire. Results. Our results suggest that the original scale (16 items) fits to two related factors model. However, the analysis of the PSWQ version with all the items in its direct form and short versions (11 and 8 direct items), together with other arguments indicate that it is more convenient to conceive a one dimensional construct. Besides high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and adequate concurrent and discriminant validity. Conclusions. Results suggest use of the short versions (11 and 8 direct items) which shows a one-dimensional structure and the best goodness of fit indices. Results are discussed and future research are suggested
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Personality Inventory , Manifest Anxiety Scale/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar en muestras mexicanas las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Fobia Social (Social Phobia Inventory, SPIN). Los participantes consistieron en estudiantes universitarios, pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno de ansiedad social y pacientes con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. El SPIN mostró una alta consistencia interna, una buena confiabilidad test-retest y una adecuada validez convergente y discriminante. Al analizar la estructura interna, el modelo que manifestó mejores indicadores de ajuste fue el de tres factores correlacionados. El análisis de curvas ROC indicó que el SPIN es capaz de discriminar entre los trastornos de ansiedad social y de ansiedad generalizada; un punto de corte de 25 representó el mejor balance entre sensibilidad y especificidad. Se concluye que la versión en español del SPIN demuestra propiedades psicométricas sólidas, por lo que puede ser potencialmente utilizado como instrumento de cribado para detectar el trastorno de ansiedad social en población mexicana.
Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), in Mexican samples. The participants comprised university students, patients diagnosed with social anxiety and patients with generalized anxiety disorder. The SPIN demonstrated high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and adequate convergent and discriminate validity. Different models of the internal structure were tested, result showed better adjustment for the three correlated factor model. Analysis of ROC curves indicated that the SPIN is able to discriminate between social anxiety and generalized anxiety disorders; a cutoff of 25 represented the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. It is possible to conclude that the Spanish version of the SPIN demonstrated solid psychometric properties, and thus it could potentially be used as a screening tool for detecting social anxiety disorder in the Mexican population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Phobia, Social , Anxiety , PsychometricsABSTRACT
En el presente trabajo se muestra la forma en la que se evalúa la invarianza utilizando los modelos de análisis factorial confirmatorio para medias y covarianzas (AFC-MACS) para datos categóricos y los modelos de Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Se ejemplifica el análisis de la invarianza en el estudio de la Escala de Detección del Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (EDTAG) comparando hombres y mujeres. La EDTAG es una escala ampliamente utilizada en las instituciones de salud y por sus características (escala breve de 12 ítems dicotómicos) cualquier error de medida puede tener un impacto importante. En los resultados se muestra que la escala tiene la misma configuración, sin embargo, el ítem 9 muestra funcionamiento diferencial siendo los hombres quienes mayor probabilidad tienen de responder de manera afirmativa comparado con mujeres del mismo nivel de rasgo. Se discute la necesidad de éste tipo de análisis en las escalas.
The present paper shows how to evaluated invariance using confirmatory factor analysis models for means and covariances (CFA-MACS) for categorical data and models of Item Response Theory (IRT). Invariance analysis in the study of Detection Scale Generalized Anxiety Disorder comparing men and women is exemplified. The scale is widely used in health institutions and by its nature (a brief scale of 12 dichotomous items) any measurement error can have a major impact. Results have shown that the scale has the same configuration, but the item 9 shows differential item functioning, being males more likely to respond affirmatively compared to women in the same trait level. The need for this type of analysis on the scales is discussed.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar en muestras clínicas y de universitarios mexicanos, las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa versión breve (BFNE), así como estudiar su utilidad diagnóstica al establecer un punto de corte que discrimine entre fobia social y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Los participantes fueron estudiantes universitarios, sujetos con fobia social y personas con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Se llevaron a cabo las siguientes actividades: 1) Proporcionar la media y desviación estándar del BFNE, para cada una de las muestras. 2) Confirmar la estructura interna de la escala. 3) Evaluar la consistencia interna. 4) Analizar la confiabilidad test-retest. 5) Estudiar la validez convergente y divergente. 6) Realizar un análisis de curvas ROC, en donde se establezca un punto de corte que sea capaz de discriminar entre sujetos con fobia social de aquellos que padecen trastorno de ansiedad generalizada. Se concluye que la Escala de Miedo a la Evaluación Negativa versión breve (BFNE) es una medida válida y confiable, capaz de detectar con gran eficacia la presencia de fobia social en las muestras estudiadas.
The aim of the present study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BNFE) in clinical and university student samples in Mexico, as well as to assess their diagnostic value by establishing a cut-off score that discriminates between social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder. The sample of participants consisted of university students, subjects with social phobia and people with generalized anxiety disorder. The following activities were carried out: 1) To obtain the BFNE mean score and standard deviation for each sample, 2) To confirm the internal structure of scale. 3) To assess the internal consistency. 4) To analyze the test-retest reliability; 5) To examine the convergent and divergent validity. 6) To establish, by means of ROC analysis, a cut-off score that is able to discriminate between subjects with social phobia and those with generalized anxiety disorder. It is possible to conclude that the Brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) is a reliable and valid measure, and it is able to detect effectively the social phobia in the studied samples.
O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar em mostras clínicas e de universitários mexicanos, as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Medo à Avaliação Negativa versão breve (BFNE), bem como estudar sua utilidade diagnóstica ao estabelecer um ponto de corte que discrimine entre fobia social e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Os participantes foram estudantes universitários, sujeitos com fobia social e pessoas com transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Foram realizadas as seguintes atividades: 1) Proporcionar a média e desvio padrão do BFNE, para cada uma das mostras. 2) Confirmar a estrutura interna da escala. 3) Avaliar a consistência interna. 4) Analisar a confiabilidade teste-reteste. 5) Estudar a validade convergente e divergente. 6) Realizar uma análise de curvas ROC, onde se estabeleça um ponto de corte que seja capaz de discriminar entre sujeitos com fobia social daqueles que padecem de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Conclui-se que a Escala de Medo à Avaliação Negativa versão breve (BFNE) é uma medida válida e confiável, capaz de detectar com grande eficácia a presença de fobia social nas mostras estudadas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anxiety Disorders , Psychometrics , Fear , Phobia, SocialABSTRACT
El conocimiento de las situaciones relacionadas con dejar de fumar y la abstinencia prolongada permite que se puedan llevar a cabo tratamientos específicos que eviten las recaídas y mantengan la efectividad del tratamiento a largo plazo. A pesar de su importancia, no existe una escala que permita identificar las situaciones asociadas al consumo. En esta investigación se presenta las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Situacional para Consumidores de Tabaco (ISCT) que se construye a partir de un estudio inicial con grupos focales y un análisis de expertos; está constituido por 46 ítems que se aplican a una muestra de 342 sujetos. Los resultados mostraron que el banco de ítems tiene una fiabilidad alta (a= 0,96). Se presentan los índices clásicos y se realiza un análisis con la Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem, y el modelo demuestra un ajuste adecuado (X²= 749,539, gl=709, p=0,141). Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis de validez concurrente con los resultados del Cuestionario de Fagerström para la Dependencia a la nicotina en el que se muestra, a partir de un análisis de regresión, que el nivel de dependencia explica un porcentaje amplio de la varianza del ISCT (R²= 43.8). Por lo tanto, se considera que el inventario permite dirigir a los especialistas en la planeación de un tratamiento específico a las situaciones de consumo de cada individuo.
Knowledge of the situations related to smoking withdrawal and / or prolonged abstinence, makes possible the development of specific treatments in order to prevent relapse and to maintain the effectiveness of long-term treatments. Despite its importance, an instrument that identifies the situations related to consumption does not yet exist. Therefore, this paper presents the psychometric properties of the Situational Inventory for Tobacco Consumers (ISTC) that was constructed from an initial study with focus groups and expert analysis. The instrument consists of 46 items that were applied to a sample of 342 people. The results showed that the item bank has a high reliability (a= 0,96). We present the classic indexes along with the analysis based on an item response theory model, where the inventory showed an appropriate fit (X²= 749,539, df = 709, p = 0,141). Aditionally, evidence for the concurrent validity of the proposed test was obtained through a regression analysis where the scores from the Test for Nicotine Dependence were able to explain a large amount of the ISCT score variance (R²= 43.8). It is therefore considered that this inventory is able to guide the specialists in the planning of specific treatments catered to the consumption situations of each individual.
ABSTRACT
Tobacco consumption is a world-wide public health problem that has been associated with different types of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, alterations in the reproductive system, dental problems and some eye diseases. In Mexico the National Survey of Addictions (2002) reported that 26.4% of the urban population between 12 and 65 years and 14.3% of the rural population are smokers. The Secretary of Health indicated that more than 53000 people died from diseases related to tobacco consumption. The consumption of tobacco stands among the ten first causes of morbidity and mortality in Mexico. In this sense, smoking is considered as one of the main public health problems in Mexico. Several organisms and institutions have undertaken actions in an attempt to solve it, such as the development of educative programs directed to the general population and programs to help smokers to quit this habit. Some of the main strategies to reduce cigarette consumption include nicotine replacement therapy, therapy not based on nicotine (antidepressants, some opiate antagonists and anxiolytic drugs), psychological programs, and the combination of some of them. Regarding psychological treatments, behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques for smoking cessation hold empirical evidence about their efficacy for reducing the abuse of substances. In Mexico, psychological, nicotinic and non-nicotinic treatments to stop smoking are used. Nevertheless, the methodological and theoretical grounds of the psychological interventions are not well-established and there are no specific data about the changes in the consumption pattern after the application of the interventions and whether the effects of the treatment stay through the time. Specifically, the information about the efficacy of the brief interventions on smokers in the Mexican population is scarce. Although different studies have demonstrated that the brief motivational interventions are more effective to reduce the abuse of different substances than intensive interventions or no interventions at all, the techniques are not widely used in the treatment of tobacco consumption in Mexican population. With this evidence, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) developed the Brief Motivational Intervention Program to treat smokers. The Brief Motivational Intervention is based in the Social Cognitive Theory, the Prevention of Relapses Model, in techniques of motivational interview and self-control techniques. Therefore, the goal of the present research is to evaluate a brief motivational intervention program for smokers. In order to achieve this aim, 10 individuals between 19 and 55 years old participated in the program; five individuals showed low nicotine dependence and five severe nicotine dependence according to the Questionnaire of Fagerström Tolerance. There was a public invitation and the participants consent to participate voluntarily in the <
El consumo de tabaco es un problema de salud pública en el mundo y se le ha asociado con diferentes tipos de cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedades respiratorias, alteraciones en el sistema reproductivo, problemas dentales, úlcera péptica y algunas enfermedades de los ojos. De acuerdo con la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 2002, en México fuman 26.4% de las personas entre 12 y 65 años de la población urbana y 14.3% de la población rural. En este sentido, la Secretaría de Salud señala que en México fallecen anualmente más de 53 mil personas por enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco, lo que lo ubica entre los diez primeros lugares de morbilidad y mortalidad. Entre los tratamientos propuestos para dejar de fumar se identifican las terapias sustitutivas con nicotina, las terapias farmacológicas, los tratamientos psicológicos y combinaciones de ellos. En relación con los tratamientos psicológicos, existe evidencia empírica que muestra la efectividad de las técnicas conductuales y cognitivo-conductuales para dejar de fumar. En México, se emplean tratamientos psicológicos y farmacológicos (nicotínicos y no nicotínicos) en personas que desean dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, en dichas intervenciones no se reportan datos específicos de los cambios en el patrón de consumo después de la aplicación de dichas intervenciones y si éste se mantiene a lo largo del tiempo. Asimismo, se sabe específicamente poco de la efectividad de las intervenciones breves dirigidas a fumadores en la población mexicana. Por lo tanto, en la presente investigación se evalúa un programa de intervención breve motivacional para fumadores que incide en el patrón de consumo de cigarros, en la percepción de la autoeficacia de los usuarios al finalizar la aplicación del programa y en el seguimiento a los seis meses. Para cumplir con el propósito se aplicó el programa de intervención breve motivacional a 10 personas de entre 19 y 55 años de edad que deseaban dejar de fumar. La evaluación del programa se realizó a partir de la comparación del patrón de consumo antes, durante y después de la aplicación de la intervención breve, así como del nivel de autoeficacia antes y después de la aplicación de la intervención breve. Un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas mostró cambios significativos en el patrón de consumo entre la línea base, intervención y seguimiento (F[2,18]=53.10, p<0.001). Posteriormente se realizaron comparaciones binarias con el ajuste de Bonferroni, lo cual indicó que las diferencias se ubicaron sólo entre la línea base con respecto al tratamiento (p<0.001) y la línea base con respecto al seguimiento (p<=0.001). En relación con el nivel de autoeficacia se encontraron diferencias significativas antes y después de aplicar la prueba Wilcoxon, y así se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las siguientes situaciones: emociones desagradables (Z= 2.203, p< 0.05), malestar físico (Z = 2.492, p<0.05), conflictos con otros (Z= 2.556, p<0.05) y momentos agradables con otros (Z= 2.670, p<0.05), en las que incrementó el nivel de autoeficacia reportada en la segunda aplicación con respecto a la primera. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación concuerdan con los observados en la aplicación de intervenciones breves en otros países, pero específicamente con los obtenidos en México con bebedores problema, usuarios de cocaína y adolescentes que se inician en el consumo de drogas. El programa de intervención breve motivacional enfatiza el fortalecimiento de la autoeficacia y el modelo de prevención de recaídas, que mantiene el cambio de la conducta de consumo del usuario durante y después de la intervención. El usuario aprende a conceptualizar la recaída como parte de un proceso de cambio y no como un fracaso o un comportamiento adictivo que nunca podrá cambiar. Por lo anterior, el tratamiento para fumadores es una alternativa efectiva para su adopción en instituciones de salud y debe formar parte de las políticas preventivas para el tratamiento de fumadores en el ámbito nacional, ya que tiene un impacto específico en el patrón de consumo de cigarrillos y, en esa medida, en los daños orgánicos asociados a su consumo.
