Subject(s)
Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use , Macrolides/therapeutic use , Parasitic Diseases/drug therapy , Animals , Antiparasitic Agents/pharmacology , Antiparasitic Agents/toxicity , Drug Interactions , Drug Resistance , Humans , Macrolides/pharmacology , Macrolides/toxicity , Parasitic Diseases/metabolismABSTRACT
To investigate the possible influence of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the estrogen receptor-ß gene, rs1256049 (Rsa) in exon 5, on the frequency of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 263 RA patients and 174 control subjects with osteoarthritis (OA) were recruited. Rsa polymorphism was detected using a PCR-RFLP, Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method. The occurrence of both mutant allele (G) and genotype (GG) were significantly higher in RA than in OA patients (allele P = 0.008, OR: 1.501, 95%CI: 1.12-2.02). In RA patients, GG genotype frequency was higher in severe RA patients than mild RA patients. Moreover, there was significant difference between severe RA patients and OA patients (P = 0.009), also the allele distribution was significant different between severe RA, mild RA, and OA patients (P = 0.025, 95%CI = 0.61-0.93). With respect to gender, GG genotype was statistically more frequent in female RA patients than that of OA, while such an association was not observed in men. Above all, the presence of the GG genotype could be a risk factor for RA and such trend might be different in gender, although additional larger scale study is needed.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics , Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Polymorphism, Genetic , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Exons , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Association Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Osteoarthritis/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
La ivermectina es un fármaco antiparasitario muy utilizado en Medicina Veterinaria, dado su espectro de actividad que abarca tanto endo como ectoparásitos, elevada eficacia y amplio margen de seguridad. No obstante, su administración puede dar lugar a efectos tóxicos. La mayoría de ellos derivan de la sobredosificación del compuesto, aunque también se han descrito, a dosis terapéuticas, casos de susceptibilidad extrema a los efectos neurotóxicos del fármaco en determinadas razas o subpoblaciones de animales, así como reacciones anafilácticas por la destrucción masiva de parásitos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ivermectin , ToxicityABSTRACT
The antiparasitic activity of ivermectin depends on the presence of an active drug concentration at the site of parasites location for an adapted length of time. Ivermectin interactions with another concurrently administered drug can occur. Concomitant administration of some drugs can increase the bioavailability of simultaneously administered ivermectin. This can, in some cases, become a useful pharmacological strategy to improve its antiparasitic efficacy and to delay the development of resistance in livestock or, in other cases, lead to adverse drug reactions and toxicities. On the other hand, other interactions can result in lower levels of this drug, determining that moderate resistant residual populations of the parasites may persist to contaminate pastures. The characterisation of ivermectin interactions can be used to predict and optimise the value of the parasiticide effects. This article reviews the pharmacological interactions of ivermectin in several domestic animal species.
Subject(s)
Antiparasitic Agents/pharmacology , Antiparasitic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Ivermectin/pharmacology , Ivermectin/pharmacokinetics , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/drug therapy , Animals , Drug Interactions , Ivermectin/chemistry , Models, Biological , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetic properties of drugs are closely related to their pharmacological efficacy. The kinetics of ivermectin are characterised, in general terms, by a slow absorption process, a broad distribution in the organism, low metabolism, and slow excretion. The kinetics vary according to the route of administration, formulation, animal species, body condition, age, and physiological status, all of which contribute to differences in drug efficacy. Characterisation of ivermectin kinetics can be used to predict and optimise the value of the parasiticide effects and to design programmes for parasite control. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in several domestic animal species.
Subject(s)
Animals, Domestic/metabolism , Antiparasitic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Ivermectin/pharmacokinetics , Metabolic Clearance Rate/physiology , Animals , Area Under Curve , Cats/metabolism , Cattle/blood , Dogs/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Goats/metabolism , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Sheep/metabolism , Species Specificity , Swine/metabolismABSTRACT
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug with a broad spectrum of activity, high efficacy as well as a wide margin of safety. Since 1987, this compound has a widespread use in veterinary medicine and it use has been extended in humans. Here we present a brief review of the information available regarding the pharmacokinetics and interactions of ivermectin in humans. Awareness of these characteristics could improve the clinical efficacy of Ivermectin. All Authors declare that they do not have any Conflict of interest and that the work is original. All Authors agree that the contents of the manuscript are confidential and will not be copyrighted, submitted, or published elsewhere (including the Internet), in any language, while acceptance by the Journal is under consideration.
