Hybridization is strongly constrained by salinity during secondary contact between silverside fishes (Odontesthes, Atheriniformes).

This study investigates a contact zone between two silverside fish species (marine Odontesthes argentinensis and freshwater O. bonariensis) in the estuarine Mar Chiquita lagoon along the Atlantic coast in Argentina (MChL), in which intermediate morphs had been reported. It has been suggested that admixture and introgression occur in MChL between these two species, but direct genetic evidence is lacking. Leveraging samples collected over several years (n = 676), we document the spatial distribution of both species and intermediate morphs within this habitat and collect landmark-based morphometric and multilocus genetic data (9876 loci for n = 110 individuals) to test the hypothesis of hybridization. Our analysis unambiguously characterizes intermediate morphs as F1 or F2 hybrids. We show that the low frequency of hybrid individuals in MChL may be explained by uneven abundance of parental species, which in turn are strongly affected by water salinity, limiting the size of the contact zone. Although hybrids seem to be fertile, their fitness may be reduced by external and intrinsic factors that may limit their success and suggest that this is an unstable hybrid zone. Genetic distinctiveness of both parental species is strongly supported by genome-wide data, explaining a known pattern of mitonuclear discordance as a consequence of hybridization followed by mitochondrial introgression. A clear signature of population genetic structure was detected in O. argentinensis, distinguishing MChL residents from marine populations of this species, that also was supported by distinctive morphometric features among these groups. Previous hypotheses of speciation in these fishes are discussed in the light of the new findings.

Prejuveniles of Mugil liza (Actinopterygii; Fam. Mugilidae) show digestive and metabolic flexibility upon different postprandial times and refeeding.

Many animals face periods of feeding restrictions implying fasting and refeeding. The determination of digestive/metabolic and body condition parameters at different times of food deprivation and after refeeding allows to evaluate the postprandial dynamics, the transition from feeding to fasting and the capacity to reverse digestive and metabolic alterations. In spite of its physiological importance, studies on estuarine-dependent detritivore fish are lacking. We determined total mass (TM), relative intestine length (RIL), hepatosomatic index (HSI), digestive enzymes activities in the intestine and energy reserves in liver and muscle at 0, 24, 72, 144 and 240 h after feeding and at 72 h after refeeding in prejuveniles of Mugil liza (Mugilidae) as a model species. After feeding, a decrease occurred in: TM (144 h, 25%), RIL (144 h, 23%); amylase and maltase (72 h, 45 and 35%), sucrase (24 h, 40%) and lipase (24 h, 70%) in intestine; glycogen and free glucose (72 h, 90 and 92%) in liver. In muscle, glycogen (72-144 h) and free glucose (144 h) (170% and 165%, respectively) peak increased; triglycerides decreased at 24-240 h (50%). After refeeding TM, RIL, carbohydrases activities in intestine, glycogen and free glucose in liver were recovered. In muscle, glycogen and free glucose were similar to 0 h; lipase activity and triglycerides were not recovered. Trypsin and APN in intestine, triglycerides in liver, protein in liver and muscle and HSI did not change. The differential modulation of key components of carbohydrates and lipid metabolism after feeding/refeeding would allow to face fasting and recover body condition. Our results improve lacking knowledge about digestive and metabolic physiology of detritivore fish.

A new species of Hoplias malabaricus species complex (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) from the Crepori River, Amazon basin, Brazil.

A new species belonging to the Hoplias malabaricus complex from the Amazon basin, Brazil, is described. The new species is characterized by 15-16 predorsal scales, 37-39 lateral-line scales, 5 scales from dorsal fin to lateral line, 38-39 vertebrae, iii-iv, 7-8 anal-fin rays, ii-iv, 12-15 caudal-fin rays, last vertical series of scales on the base of caudal-fin rays forming a straight line, 6-7 dark bands in anal fin and no distinctive dark bands or blotches on flanks. The new species is also distinguished from other congeners of the H. malabaricus species-group by means of landmark-based morphometrics and DNA Barcoding (Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene). An identification key to species of the H. malabaricus species complex is provided.

Understanding the early ontogenetic stages of Mugil liza (Mugilidae): Morphological traits and digestive/metabolic profile of pre-juveniles after recruitment.

The family Mugilidae consists mainly of diadromous species, whose reproduction occurs in offshore waters. Pre-juveniles shift their diet in the surf zone (zooplanktophagous to iliophagous). Later, during their recruitment into estuaries, huge changes take place in their digestive system. However, digestive and metabolic characteristics and some morphological traits at recruitment are unknown for Mugilidae. We performed comparative studies on early and late pre-juveniles of Mugil liza recruited in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (37°32'-37°45'S, 57°19'-57°26'W, Argentina). We determined digestive enzyme activities (intestine), energy reserves (liver/muscle), total/standard length, total weight, intestinal coefficient, hepatosomatic index and retroperitoneal fat. Pre-juveniles exhibited amylase, maltase, sucrase, lipase, trypsin and aminopeptidase-N (APN) activities, which were maintained over a wide range of pH and temperature, and exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In late pre-juveniles, amylase (422 ± 131 µmol maltose min-1 mgprot-1 ), sucrase (86 ± 14 mg glucose min-1 mgprot-1 ), trypsin (84 ± 9 µmoles min-1 mgprot-1 ) and APN (0.58 ± 0.08 µmoles min-1 mgprot-1 ) activities were higher (42%, 28%, 35% and 28%, respectively) than in the early stage. Also, the intestinal coefficient was higher in late (3.04) compared to early (2.06) pre-juveniles. Moreover, the liver appeared to be a main site of glycogen and triglyceride storage in late pre-juveniles, muscle being the site of storage in early pre-juveniles, exhibiting higher glycogen, free glucose and protein concentrations (92%, 82%, 32%, respectively). The results suggest that pre-juveniles of M. liza exhibit an adequate digestive battery to perform complete hydrolysis of various dietary substrates, availability of energy reserves and morphological characteristics to support their feeding habit and growth after recruitment. Our results represent an important contribution to knowledge of the ecology and digestive physiology of pre-juveniles of Mugilidae in the wild.

Biogeography, habitat transitions and hybridization in a radiation of South American silverside fishes revealed by mitochondrial and genomic RAD data.

Rivers and lake systems in the southern cone of South America have been widely influenced by historical glaciations, carrying important implications for the evolution of aquatic organisms, including prompting transitions between marine and freshwater habitats and by triggering hybridization among incipient species via waterway connectivity and stream capture events. Silverside fishes (Odontesthes) in the region comprise a radiation of 19 marine and freshwater species that have been hypothesized on the basis of morphological or mitochondrial DNA data to have either transitioned repeatedly into continental waters from the sea or colonized marine habitats following freshwater diversification. New double digest restriction-site associated DNA data presented here provide a robust framework to investigate the biogeographical history of and habitat transitions in Odontesthes. We show that Odontesthes silversides originally diversified in the Pacific but independently colonized the Atlantic three times, producing three independent marine-to-freshwater transitions. Our results also indicate recent introgression of marine mitochondrial haplotypes into two freshwater clades, with more recurring instances of hybridization among Atlantic- versus Pacific-slope species. In Pacific freshwater drainages, hybridization with a marine species appears to be geographically isolated and may be related to glaciation events. Substantial structural differences of estuarine gradients between these two geographical areas may have influenced the frequency, intensity and evolutionary effects of hybridization events.

Evidence of a landlocked reproducing population of the marine pejerrey Odontesthes argentinensis (Actinopterygii; Atherinopsidae).

In South America, the order Atheriniformes includes the monophyletic genus Odontesthes with 20 species that inhabit freshwater, estuarine and coastal environments. Pejerrey Odontesthes argentinensis is widely distributed in coastal and estuarine areas of the Atlantic Ocean and is known to foray into estuaries of river systems, particularly in conditions of elevated salinity. However, to our knowledge, a landlocked self-sustaining population has never been recorded. In this study, we examined the pejerrey population of Salada de Pedro Luro Lake (south-east of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) to clarify its taxonomic identity. An integrative taxonomic analysis based on traditional meristic, landmark-based morphometrics and genetic techniques suggests that the Salada de Pedro Luro pejerrey population represents a novel case of physiological and morphological adaptation of a marine pejerrey species to a landlocked environment and emphasises the environmental plasticity of this group of fishes.

Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00'S 57º 33'W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.(AU)

Se estudió la biología reproductiva y el ciclo de vida de la palometa pintada, Parona signata en Mar del Plata (38°00'S 57°33'O). Las muestras fueron obtenidas mensualmente desde enero de 2018, hasta febrero de 2019, provenientes de la pesca artesanal y/o de la flota comercial de la localidad Mar del Plata. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis histológico y se estimaron los principales parámetros reproductivos tales como: la fecundidad, análisis de la distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios e índice gonadosomático (GSI) mensual. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en los meses de marzo y noviembre existe actividad reproductiva. Se encontraron hembras en puesta, las cuales presentaron ovocitos hidratados en los cortes histológicos. Ambos, los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros oocitarios mostraron la presencia de todas las fases de maduración oocitaria en ovarios correspondientes a la sub-fase de desove activo, indicando que P. signata es un desovante parcial con fecundidad anual indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial osciló entre 36.426 y 126.035 oocitos hidratados/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 42 y 150 ovocitos por gramo de hembra libre de ovario.(AU)

Inferring boundaries among fish species of the new world silversides (Atherinopsidae; genus Odontesthes): new evidences of incipient speciation between marine and brackish populations of Odontesthes argentinensis.

Species of new world silversides (Actinopterygii; Atherinopsidae; genus Odontesthes) possess economic relevance, biological interest and ecological importance. In the present paper we: (A) investigate the molecular diversity in marine species of Odontesthes from the South West Atlantic Ocean (SWAO), and analyse their interspecific relationships and divergence by means of DNA Barcoding, including its freshwater congeners, as well. (B) Explore the suitability of DNA Barcoding to analyse the diversity and distribution of haplotypes in Odontesthes argentinensis, the only well documented marine species from the SWAO that exhibit putative estuarine and marine populations. Molecular analysis revealed 100% of agreement between morphological identification and molecular identity. Odontesthes argentinensis, Odontesthes platensis, Odontesthes smitti, Odontesthes nigricans and Odontesthes incisa were assigned to five different barcode index numbers (BINs). Maximum-likelihood analysis showed that all marine species of Odontesthes clustered separately in a unique monophyletic phylogroup, comprising five well defined haplogroups, with genetic divergence between groups ranging from 2.75 to 7.11%. The genetic analysis including freshwater congeners showed that O. incisa clustered alone occupying a basal position. The Fst pairwise comparisons within O. argentinensis support the existence of three population groups: one conformed by Mar Chiquita Lagoon (MCh) specimens, and the others by Mar del Plata/Mar Chiquita coast and San Blas Bay coastal specimens, respectively. The AMOVA showed significant overall differentiation (Fst = 0.238; p = 0.00001) for the entire data set. The previous/present evidence is discussed, and strongly suggests that incipient speciation is occurring in O. argentinensis argentinean populations, and specimens from MCh would be considered at present as the leading candidate of a marine to freshwater incipient speciation event.

Almost a century of oblivion: Integrative taxonomy allows the resurrection of the longnose skate Zearaja brevicaudata (Marini, 1933) (Rajiformes; Rajidae).

Zearaja chilensis has been reported from Southern Brazil in the Southwest Atlantic (SWA) to northern Chile in the Southeast Pacific (SEP), and it was listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. Recent molecular studies have called into question the conspecificity between specimens from these opposite coasts of South America, which can have implications for the conservation status of the species. To verify the identity of specimens identified as Z. chilensis, 47 individuals from SWA and 22 from SEP were examined. By comparing external morphology, spinulation pattern, clasper, egg cases, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequence data, differences between groups were found. Adults from SWA presented longer snout length and shorter tail than those from SEP. Dermal denticles were restricted to the rostral area in SWA skates, whereas in SEP skates most of the dorsal surface was covered with denticles. Marked differences in the morphology of several components of clasper were noticeable. Egg cases of SWA skates had thinner lateral keels than those of SEP. Molecular analysis revealed two well-defined cohesive clusters, corresponding to SWA and SEP specimens, respectively. Average K2P distance between groups was 3.4%, higher than expected for intraspecific differences, and sequences were assigned to different BINs. These integrative approaches strongly support that specimens from SWA known as Z. chilensis correspond to a different nominal species than those from SEP. Herein, Z. brevicaudata (Marini 1933) is resurrected from synonymy with Z. chilensis.

A continental-wide molecular approach unraveling mtDNA diversity and geographic distribution of the Neotropical genus Hoplias.

With an estimate of around 9,000 species, the Neotropical region hosts the greatest diversity of freshwater fishes of the world. Genetic surveys have the potential to unravel isolated and unique lineages and may result in the identification of undescribed species, accelerating the cataloguing of extant biodiversity. In this paper, molecular diversity within the valuable and widespread Neotropical genus Hoplias was assessed by means of DNA Barcoding. The geographic coverage spanned 40 degrees of latitude from French Guiana to Argentina. Our analyses revealed 22 mitochondrial lineages fully supported by means of Barcode Index Number, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and phylogenetic analyses. This mtDNA survey revealed the existence of 15 fully supported mitochondrial lineages within the once considered to be the continentally distributed H. malabaricus. Only four of them are currently described as valid species however, leaving 11 mitochondrial lineages currently "masked" within this species complex. Mean genetic divergence was 13.1%. Barcoding gap analysis discriminated 20 out of the 22 lineages tested. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all taxonomically recognized species form monophyletic groups. Hoplias malabaricus sensu stricto clustered within a large clade, excluding the representatives of the La Plata River Basin. In the H. lacerdae group, all species but H. curupira showed a cohesive match between taxonomic and molecular identification. Two different genetic lineages were recovered for H. aimara. Given the unexpected hidden mitochondrial diversity within H. malabaricus, the COI sequence composition of specimens from Suriname (the type locality), identified as H. malabaricus sensu stricto, is of major importance.

External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes ( Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Comparisons of the external morphology and analysis of osteological features of the postcranial and appendicular skeletons of three southwestern Atlantic flatfish species of the genus Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus and P. patagonicus) were carried out. Bones are described, and detailed morphological, morphometric and meristic characteristics of these flounders are given in order to provide information about the external and internal morphology of three species of Paralichthys occurring in the south-west Atlantic waters that add new information and will help regarding within the framework of a phylogenetic study of the group. Interspecific differences were found in the number of vertebrae and intermuscular bones, as well as in the morphology and morphometry of vertebrae, caudal skeletons, pectoral and pelvic girdle bones. Relationships between bones are discussed and bone characteristics compared with those found in other species of Paralichthys and in other pleuronectiform species. The position of Paralichthys isosceles within Paralichthys is discussed, along with other congeners such as P. triocellatus and P. oblongus.(AU)

Se llevaron a cabo comparaciones de la morfología externa y el análisis de las características osteológicas de los esqueletos postcraneal y apendicular de tres especies de peces planos del Atlántico sudoccidental del género Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus y P. patagonicus). Se describen los huesos, y se proporcionan características morfológicas, morfométricas y merísticas detalladas de estos lenguados con el fin de aportar información sobre la morfología externa e interna de tres especies de Paralichthys presentes en el Atlántico sudoccidental. Esta nueva información contribuirá al marco de un estudio filogenético del grupo. Se encontraron diferencias interespecíficas en el número de vértebras y huesos intermusculares, así como en la morfología y morfometría de las vértebras, los esqueletos caudales, los huesos de las cinturas pectoral y pélvica. Se discuten las relaciones entre los huesos y las características óseas en comparación con las encontradas en otras especies de Paralichthys y de otros Pleuronectiformes. Se discute la posición de Paralichthys isosceles dentro del género Paralichthys, junto con otros congéneres como P. oblongus y P. triocellatus.(AU)

Transcriptomic differentiation underlying marine-to-freshwater transitions in the South American silversides Odontesthes argentinensis and O. bonariensis (Atheriniformes).

Salinity gradients are critical habitat determinants for freshwater organisms. Silverside fishes in the genus Odontesthes have recently and repeatedly transitioned from marine to freshwater habitats, overcoming a strong ecological barrier. Genomic and transcriptomic changes involved in this kind of transition are only known for a few model species. We present new data and analyses of gene expression and microbiome composition in the gills of two closely related silverside species, marine O. argentinensis and freshwater O. bonariensis and find more than three thousand transcripts differentially expressed, with osmoregulatory/ion transport genes and immune genes showing very different expression patterns across species. Interspecific differences also involve more than one thousand transcripts with nonsynonymous SNPs in the coding sequences, most of which were not differentially expressed. In addition to characterizing gill transcriptomes from wild-caught marine and freshwater fishes, we test experimentally the response to salinity increases by O. bonariensis collected from freshwater habitats. Patterns of expression in gill transcriptomes of O. bonariensis exposed to high salinity do not resemble O. argentinensis mRNA expression, suggesting lack of plasticity for adaptation to marine conditions in this species. The diversity of functions associated with both the differentially expressed set of transcripts and those with sequence divergence plus marked microbiome differences suggest that multiple abiotic and biotic factors in marine and freshwater habitats are driving transcriptomic differences between these species.

Surfing among species, populations and morphotypes: Inferring boundaries between two species of new world silversides (Atherinopsidae).

Atherinopsidae are widespread freshwater and shallow marine fish with singular economic importance. Morphological, genetical and life cycles differences between marine and estuarine populations were already reported in this family, suggesting ongoing speciation. Also, coexistence and interbreeding between closely related species were documented. The aim of this study was to infer boundaries among: (A) Odontesthes bonariensis and O. argentinensis at species level, and intermediate morphs; (B) the population of O. argentinensis of Mar Chiquita Lagoon and its marine conspecifics. To achieve this, we integrated, meristic, Geometrics Morphometrics and DNA Barcode approaches. Four groups were discriminated and subsequently characterized according to their morphological traits, shape and meristic characters. No shared haplotypes between O. bonariensis and O. argentinensis were found. Significative-meristic and body shape differences between the Mar Chiquita and marine individuals of O. argentinensis were found, suggesting they behave as well differentiated populations, or even incipient ecological species. The fact that the Odontesthes morphotypes shared haplotypes with both, O. argentinensis and O. bonariensis, but also possess meristic and morphometric distinctive traits open new questions related to the origin of this morphogroup.

Reproduction of Brevoortia aurea (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (Actinopterygii: Clupeidae) in the Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Reproductive biology of the Brazilian menhaden, Brevoortia aurea (Clupeiformes), was studied in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon. Its abundance was analysed in relation to environmental variables, and the main biological-reproductive parameters were estimated: size at first maturity, batch and relative fecundity, frequency distribution of oocyte diameters and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Moreover, its reproductive cycle was analysed histologically. Samples were collected from May 2012 to April 2013. Once the spawning period was detected, extra samples were added (October and November 2013). The specimens were caught with gillnets, at a distance of 2,300 meters from the mouth of the lagoon. The highest abundances were observed in the months of October and November. Both macroscopic and microscopic analysis allowed to confirm that in these months the saraca spawn in the mixo-eurihaline area of the lagoon. Females were recorded in the five phases of ovarian development. Histological and frequency distribution of oocyte diameters characterized this species as a batch spawner with undetermined fecundity. The fecundity varied between 19,900 and 178,508 oocytes/female. Relative fecundity ranged between 41 and 381 oocytes/g female ovary free. The size at first maturity was estimated on 277 and 265 mm total length for females and males, respectively.

Se estudió la biología reproductiva de la saraca, Brevoortia aurea (Clupeiformes), en la Laguna Costera Mar Chiquita. Se analizó su abundancia, en relación con las variables ambientales y se estimaron los principales parámetros biológico-reproductivos: talla de primera madurez (longitud total), fecundidad parcial y relativa, distribución de frecuencias de diámetros oocitarios e índice gonado-somático (IGS). Además, se analizó su ciclo gonadal desde un aspecto histológico, en función de un ciclo anual. Las muestras se colectaron desde Mayo 2012, hasta Abril 2013. Una vez detectado el período de desove se duplicó el muestreo durante dichos meses (Octubre y Noviembre 2013). Los ejemplares se capturaron con redes de enmalle, a 2.300 metros de la desembocadura de la laguna con el mar. Las mayores abundancias se observaron en los meses de Octubre y Noviembre. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en dichos meses la saraca realiza desoves en la zona mixo-eurihalina de esta laguna. Se registraron hembras en las cinco fases del desarrollo ovárico. Los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios caracterizaron a esta especie como un desovante parcial con fecundidad indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial varió entre 19.900 y 178.508 oocitos/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 41 y 381 oocitos/gr hembra libre de ovario. La talla de primera madurez se estimó en 277 y 265 mm de longitud total para hembras y machos, respectivamente.

Merluccius tasmanicus Matallanas & Lloris 2006 is a junior synonym of M. australis (Hutton 1872) (Gadiformes: Merluciidae) based on morphological and molecular data.

The high intraspecific variation among and the conservative external morphology of Merluccius spp. have resulted in serious identification difficulties. Four hundred and twenty fresh and preserved specimens of Merluccius were analyzed, including the type series of Merluccius australis, M. tasmanicus and M. hubbsi; specimens of M. hubbsi from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and individuals of M. australis from Argentina and New Zealand were examined. The nomenclatural status of the type specimens of M. australis is discussed and the designation of a lectotype and a paralectotype is proposed. The comparative study of morphology, meristic, traditional and landmark-based morphometry, both external and internal, and through DNA-based Barcoding molecular tools demonstrates that Merluccius tasmanicus is a junior synonym of Merluccius australis. Meristic and morphometric characters of types of M. tasmanicus completely overlap those of M. australis, whereas M. hubbsi show fewer scales along the lateral line, total vertebrae, second dorsal and anal-fin rays. A trend of a longer snout and wider head in M. australis and M. tasmanicus, and larger eyes and longer pelvic fins, in M. hubbsi was observed. While discriminant characters were found in the internal elements (hyomandibula, urohyal and sagitta otolith) between M. hubbsi and M. australis, none were observed between M. australis and those reported for M. tasmanicus. DNA barcoding analyses found no evidence of the existence of other species of Merluccius besides M. hubbsi and M. australis.

Reproductive studies of Anchoa marinii Hildebrand, 1943 (Actinopterygii: Engraulidae) in the nearby-coastal area of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The aim of the present study provides the first results on the reproductive biology of the anchovy, Anchoa marinii, in a nearby-coastal area of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, 37º32'00"S 57º19'00"W, Argentina. To perform this, we employed mainly female gonads, at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. The oocyte diameter distribution and the microscopy analysis of oocytes, showed different batches of growing oocytes, suggesting that the anchovy is a multiple spawner, with constant oocytes recruitment all over the reproductive season. The batch fecundity ranged between 749 and 3,207 oocytes for females, and the relative fecundity ranged from 127 to 422 yolked oocytes per female gram (ovary free). The fecundity estimation has been made with yolked oocytes. No correlation between the fecundity estimation and female size and total weight (without ovary) has been found. The estimated L50 values were 74.13 and 73.76 mm TL for females and males, respectively. Shoals of females in advanced maturity phase were recorded, between December to April in the study area. During this period a significant increase of species abundance was correlated with water temperature increase (above 16°C). This fact, together with the detection of post-ovulatory follicles, indicated the existence of reproductive events in the nearby-coastal area of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es avanzar en la comprensión del ciclo de vida de la anchoa, Anchoa marinii, en relación a la franja submareal frente a la laguna costera Mar Chiquita, 37º32'00"S 57º19'00"W, Argentina. Para llevarlo a cabo se utilizaron gónadas, principalmente hembras, y se estudiaron a nivel macro y microscópico. El análisis microscópico de los ovarios evidenció la presencia de diferentes camadas de ovocitos, con un reclutamiento constante de ovocitos inmaduros durante la época reproductiva, relacionado con un patrón de puestas parciales. La fecundidad parcial arrojo valores entre 749 y 3207 ovocitos, y la fecundidad relativa estuvo comprendida entre 127 y 422 ovocitos por peso total libre de ovarios. Las estimaciones se realizaron a partir de ovarios con ovocitos vitelados. No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre las estimaciones de fecundidad y la talla o peso de las hembras. La talla de primera madurez se estimó en 74,13 mm para las hembras y 73,76 mm para los machos, en el área muestreada. La presencia de hembras en estadio de maduración avanzada fue muy abundante entre diciembre y abril, correlacionándose con elevada temperatura del agua (por encima de 16°C). Este hecho sumado a la detección de hembras con folículos post-ovulatorios indicarían que la anchoa, Anchoa marinii, presenta actividad reproductiva durante la temporada estival, en el submareal frente a la Laguna costera Mar Chiquita.

DNA barcoding identifies Argentine fishes from marine and brackish waters.

BACKGROUND: DNA barcoding has been advanced as a promising tool to aid species identification and discovery through the use of short, standardized gene targets. Despite extensive taxonomic studies, for a variety of reasons the identification of fishes can be problematic, even for experts. DNA barcoding is proving to be a useful tool in this context. However, its broad application is impeded by the need to construct a comprehensive reference sequence library for all fish species. Here, we make a regional contribution to this grand challenge by calibrating the species discrimination efficiency of barcoding among 125 Argentine fish species, representing nearly one third of the known fauna, and examine the utility of these data to address several key taxonomic uncertainties pertaining to species in this region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Specimens were collected and morphologically identified during crusies conducted between 2005 and 2008. The standard BARCODE fragment of COI was amplified and bi-directionally sequenced from 577 specimens (mean of 5 specimens/species), and all specimens and sequence data were archived and interrogated using analytical tools available on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD; www.barcodinglife.org). Nearly all species exhibited discrete clusters of closely related haplogroups which permitted the discrimination of 95% of the species (i.e. 119/125) examined while cases of shared haplotypes were detected among just three species-pairs. Notably, barcoding aided the identification of a new species of skate, Dipturus argentinensis, permitted the recognition of Genypterus brasiliensis as a valid species and questions the generic assignment of Paralichthys isosceles. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study constitutes a significant contribution to the global barcode reference sequence library for fishes and demonstrates the utility of barcoding for regional species identification. As an independent assessment of alpha taxonomy, barcodes provide robust support for most morphologically based taxon concepts and also highlight key areas of taxonomic uncertainty worthy of reappraisal.