Factores sociodemográficos y laborales relacionados con la exposición laboral a riesgos psicosociales por ocupación en España. Proyecto MatEmESpP / Sociodemographic and occupational factors related to exposure to psychosocial riskfactors by occupation in spain. the matemesp Project

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es describir el nivel de exposición a riesgos psicosociales por ocupación en población laboral española y analizar su relación con condiciones de empleo y características sociodemográficas. Métodos: La Matriz Empleo Exposición Española (MatEmESp) es la fuente de información para la descripción de los niveles de exposición a riesgos psicosociales en 2005. Se identifican las ocupaciones con mayores niveles de exposición y se analiza su relación con condiciones de empleo y características sociodemográficas por ocupación. Resultados: Se encontraron niveles de exposición a influencia en el trabajo inferiores al punto medio de la escala (50, escala de 0 a 100) y a ritmo en el trabajo ligeramente por encima (= 46,8 y = 50,8). Los niveles más elevados de exposición estaban en ocupaciones manuales, algunas cualificadas presentaban también alta inseguridad (Economistas) y ritmo de trabajo (Directores/as). Conforme disminuía el nivel de clase social y de estudios, aumentaba la inseguridad (rho = 0,45 y 0,38 respectivamente), y disminuía el apoyo de los compañeros (rho=-0,46 y -0,48) y la influencia en el trabajo (rho = -0,73 y -0,63). Conforme aumentaba la proporción de extranjeros, disminuía el apoyo e influencia (rho = -0,44 y -0,43); conforme aumentaba el número de asalariados, disminuía la influencia (rho =-0,38); el aumento en con-tratos temporales, disminuía el apoyo de los compañeros (rho = -0,34) e influencia (rho = -0,53); y conforme aumentaba el número de horas extraordinarias, aumentaba la influencia (rho = 0,49).Conclusiones: Este estudio confirma la existencia de desigualdades en la exposición a riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo en función de la ocupación y las características sociodemográficas y condiciones de empleo de la ocupación desempeñada

Objective: The objective of the study is to describe the level of exposure to psychosocial risk factors by occupation in the Spanish working population and analyze their relationship with sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions. Methods: The Spanish Job-Exposure Matrix (MatEmESp) is used to describe the levels of exposure to psychosocial risk factors in 2005. We identified occupations with higher levels of exposure and analysed their relationship with employment conditions and socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Levels of exposure to work influence were below the midpoint (50, on a scale from 0 to 100); for work pace, they were slightly above (= 46.8 and = 50.8, respectively). The highest levels of exposure were found in manual occupations; some skilled occupations were also associated with high insecurity (economists) and work pace (managers). As social class and education decreased, insecurity increased (rho = 0.45 and 0.38 respectively), and both co-worker support (rho = -0.46 y -0.48, respectively) and influence (rho = -0.73 y -0.63, respetively) decreased. As the proportion of foreigners increased, support and influence decreased (rho = -0.44 and -0.43, respectively). As the number of employees increased, work influence decreased (rho = -0.38). I Increases in temporary contracts were associated with a decrease in co-worker support (rho = -0.34) and influence (rho = -0.53) and, as overtime increased, work influence increased (rho = 0.49).Conclusion: This study confirms the presence of inequalities in exposure to psychosocial risk factors at work, depending on the occupation and the sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions of the occupation performed

[Sociodemographic and occupational factors related to exposure to psychosocial risk factors by occupation in Spain. The MatEmESp Project.] / Factores sociodemográficos y laborales relacionados con la exposición laboral a riesgos psicosociales por ocupación en España. Proyecto MatEmESp.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to describe the level of exposure to psychosocial risk factors by occupation in the Spanish working population and analyze their relationship with sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions. METHODS: The Spanish Job-Exposure Matrix (MatEmESp) is used to describe the levels of exposure to psychosocial risk factors in 2005. We identified occupations with higher levels of exposure and analysed their relationship with employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Levels of exposure to work influence were below the midpoint (50, on a scale from 0 to 100); for work pace, they were slightly above ( =46.8 and =50.8, respectively). The highest levels of exposure were found in manual occupations; some skilled occupations were also associated with high insecurity (economists) and work pace (managers). As social class and education decreased, insecurity increased (rho = 0.45 and 0.38 respectively), and both co-worker support (rho=-0.46 y -0.48, respectively) and influence (rho=-0.73 y -0.63, respectively) decreased. As the proportion of foreigners increased, support and influence decreased (rho =-0.44 and -0.43, respectively). As the number of employees increased, work influence decreased (rho =-0.38). Increases in temporary contracts were associated with a decrease in co-worker support (rho =-0.34) and influence (rho =-0.53) and, as overtime increased, work influence increased (rho = 0.49). CONCLUSION: This study confirms the presence of inequalities in exposure to psychosocial risk factors at work, depending on the occupation and the sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions of the occupation performed.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio es describir el nivel de exposición a riesgos psicosociales por ocupación en población laboral española y analizar su relación con condiciones de empleo y características sociodemográficas. MÉTODOS: La Matriz Empleo Exposición Española (MatEmESp) es la fuente de información para la descripción de los niveles de exposición a riesgos psicosociales en 2005. Se identifican las ocupaciones con mayores niveles de exposición y se analiza su relación con condiciones de empleo y características sociodemográficas por ocupación. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron niveles de exposición a influencia en el trabajo inferiores al punto medio de la escala (50, escala de 0 a 100) y a ritmo en el trabajo ligeramente por encima ( =46,8 y =50,8). Los niveles más elevados de exposición estaban en ocupaciones manuales, algunas cualificadas presentaban también alta inseguridad (Economistas) y ritmo de trabajo (Directores/as). Conforme disminuía el nivel de clase social y de estudios, aumentaba la inseguridad (rho=0,45 y 0,38 respectivamente), y disminuía el apoyo de los compañeros (rho=-0,46 y -0,48) y la influencia en el trabajo (rho=-0,73 y -0,63). Conforme aumentaba la proporción de extranjeros, disminuía el apoyo e influencia (rho=-0,44 y -0,43); conforme aumentaba el número de asalariados, disminuía la influencia (rho=-0,38); el aumento en contratos temporales, disminuía el apoyo de los compañeros (rho=-0,34) e influencia (rho=-0,53); y conforme aumentaba el número de horas extraordinarias, aumentaba la influencia (rho=0,49). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio confirma la existencia de desigualdades en la exposición a riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo en función de la ocupación y las características sociodemográficas y condiciones de empleo de la ocupación desempeñada.

Occupational Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Birth Weight and Length of Gestation: A European Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Women of reproductive age can be exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at work, and exposure to EDCs in pregnancy may affect fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether maternal occupational exposure to EDCs during pregnancy as classified by application of a job exposure matrix was associated with birth weight, term low birth weight (LBW), length of gestation, and preterm delivery. METHODS: Using individual participant data from 133,957 mother-child pairs in 13 European cohorts spanning births from 1994 through 2011, we linked maternal job titles with exposure to 10 EDC groups as assessed through a job exposure matrix. For each group, we combined the two levels of exposure categories (possible and probable) and compared birth outcomes with the unexposed group (exposure unlikely). We performed meta-analyses of cohort-specific estimates. RESULTS: Eleven percent of pregnant women were classified as exposed to EDCs at work during pregnancy, based on job title. Classification of exposure to one or more EDC group was associated with an increased risk of term LBW [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.49], as were most specific EDC groups; this association was consistent across cohorts. Further, the risk increased with increasing number of EDC groups (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06 for exposure to four or more EDC groups). There were few associations (p < 0.05) with the other outcomes; women holding job titles classified as exposed to bisphenol A or brominated flame retardants were at higher risk for longer length of gestation. CONCLUSION: Results from our large population-based birth cohort design indicate that employment during pregnancy in occupations classified as possibly or probably exposed to EDCs was associated with an increased risk of term LBW. Citation: Birks L, Casas M, Garcia AM, Alexander J, Barros H, Bergström A, Bonde JP, Burdorf A, Costet N, Danileviciute A, Eggesbø M, Fernández MF, González-Galarzo MC, Grazuleviciene R, Hanke W, Jaddoe V, Kogevinas M, Kull I, Lertxundi A, Melaki V, Andersen AM, Olea N, Polanska K, Rusconi F, Santa-Marina L, Santos AC, Vrijkotte T, Zugna D, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Cordier S, Vrijheid M. 2016. Occupational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and birth weight and length of gestation: a European meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 124:1785-1793; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP208.

Exposición a carga física en el trabajo por ocupación: una explotación de los datos en matriz empleo-exposición española (MATEMESP) / Exposure to ergonomic risk by occupation in spanish working: a data exploitation of MatEmESp

Fundamentos: La exposición a riesgos ergonómicos es la principal causa de daños de origen laboral. El objetivo es describir la prevalencia de exposición a carga física por ocupación en población laboral española y su relación con las condiciones de empleo y características sociodemográficas de los trabajadores. Métodos: Se utilizó la información contenida en la Matriz Empleo- Exposición Española (MatEmESp) con datos entre 1997 y 2005. Se describieron las prevalencias de exposición a riesgos ergonómicos, identificándose las ocupaciones con mayores prevalencias y se analizó la relación con las condiciones de empleo y las características sociodemográficas por ocupación mediante coeficientes de correlación de Spearman y diagramas de dispersión. Resultados: Los movimientos repetidos fueron el riesgo ergonómico declarado con mayor frecuencia (prevalencias en torno al 60%). Las mayores prevalencias de exposición a posturas forzadas, manipulación de cargas, movimientos repetidos y trabajo sedentario se dieron en “albañiles” (96%), en “peones de construcción” (89%), en “trabajadores de artes gráficas” (95%) y “auxiliares administrativos” (98%), respectivamente. Encontramos una fuerte relación (p<0,001) entre la prevalencia de exposición a estos cuatro riesgos y la proporción de personas con estudios primarios en la ocupación (correlación -0,62 en trabajo sedentario y entre 0,59 y 0,66 en el resto). Ocupaciones con alta proporción de mujeres y nivel de estudios universitarios (“enfermeras”), también mostraron prevalencias de exposición elevadas a manipulación de cargas (>50%). Conclusiones: En general, la prevalencia de exposición a riesgos ergonómicos se mantiene muy elevada en el periodo analizado. Las ocupaciones menos cualificadas presentaron habitualmente mayores prevalencias de exposición (AU)

Background: Ergonomic hazards exposure is the main cause of occupational pain. The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of exposure to occupational physical load by occupation, in Spanish working population, and its relationship to employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics of workers. Methods: We used the information contained in the Spanish Job- ExposureMatrix (MatEmESp),with data between 1997 and 2005.We describe the prevalence of exposure to ergonomic hazards, we identify the occupations with the highest prevalence of exposure and we analyze its relationship to employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics by occupation, using Spearman correlation coefficients and Scatter plots. Results: Repetitivemovements are ergonomic hazardmost frequently reported (prevalence around 60%). The greater prevalence of exposure to awkward postures are given in "Bricklayers" (96%), to handling loads in "construction labourers" (89%), to repetitive movements in "graphic arts workers" (95%) and sedentary work in "administrative assistants" (98%). We found a strong relationship (p<0,001) between the prevalence of exposure to the four hazards considered, and the proportion of people with primary education by occupation (correlation coefficients -0,62 in sedentary work and between 0,59 and 0,66 in the other). Occupations with a high proportion of women and with a university studies levels (“nurses”), also has frequent exposure to handling loads (>50%). Conclusions: In general, the prevalence of exposure to ergonomic hazards remains high in the period analyzed. Less qualified occupations usually have a higher prevalence of exposure (AU)

A job-exposure matrix for research and surveillance of occupational health and safety in Spanish workers: MatEmESp.

BACKGROUND: In this study we describe a general-population job-exposure matrix (MatEmESp) for Spanish workers covering the period 1996-2005. METHODS: The Finnish job-exposure matrix (FINJEM) provided the default value estimates for occupational exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents. These estimates were adapted to Spanish working conditions by local experts. Spanish surveys were used to obtain exposure estimates for ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors. Employment and socio-demographic conditions for Spanish workers were obtained from the Spanish National Statistics Institute. RESULTS: MatEmESp provides a large amount of national and occupation-specific data on the major occupational exposures in Spain. As some examples, the data show that the most prevalent occupational hazards are repetitive movements and a lack of support from co-workers. In addition, 10% of the Spanish working population perform night shifts, and bricklayers and concrete workers are the job titles with the highest risk of exposure to quartz dust. CONCLUSIONS: MatEmESp can be a useful tool for research and surveillance, and can help set priorities for occupational illness and injury prevention in Spain.

La matriz empleo-exposición española: MatEmESp / No disponible

No disponible

Prevalence of exposure to occupational risks during pregnancy in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: We describe reported exposures to main categories of occupational agents and conditions in Spanish pregnant workers. METHODS: Women were recruited at 12th week of pregnancy from main public gynaecological consults to be included in the INMA Spanish cohorts study (n=2,058). Through personal interviews with structured questionnaires, information on working situation and working conditions during pregnancy was obtained. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the women reported frequent exposure to physical load (standing, heavy lifting) and 45% reported exposure to three or more indicators of job strain. Exposure to at least one physical agent (noise, vibrations, etc.) affected 25% of the women. Exposure to chemicals was reported by 20% of the women, mostly including solvents and cleaning products. Eight percent of the women worked at night shifts. Job strain was more prevalent in office workers and industrial operators. Industrial workers showed the highest prevalence of exposure to chemical and physical pollutants. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that working conditions of pregnant women may need increased control in Spain.

Relationship between occupational social class and exposure to organochlorine pesticides during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence is available on the influence of socioeconomic factors on exposure to persistent organic pollutants, especially during vulnerable periods such as pregnancy and early life. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of maternal social class with placental concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their combined estrogenic activity measured with a biomarker of exposure. METHODS: Exposure to 16 OCPs (DDTs, endosulfans, and seven other compounds) and the total effective xenoestrogenic burden (TEXB) were analyzed in placentas from a mother-child cohort. OCP concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and TEXB was assessed with the E-Screen bioassay. Social class was classified according to maternal occupation. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to examine variations in pesticide exposure and TEXB as a function of maternal social class in 257 subjects. RESULTS: Placental p,p'-DDT concentrations were higher in social classes III and IV than in classes I-II (the most affluent); concentrations of the sum of DDTs were higher in class IV; and exposure to the sum of endosulfans was greater in class III. HCB concentrations were higher among women in class IV than in classes I-II and among manual (classes III-V) than non-manual workers. However, the trend across social classes was only statistically significant for HCB. Social class significantly explained 10% of the variability in concentrations of the sum of endosulfans. CONCLUSION: There is a need to explore whether more disadvantaged populations suffer higher levels of exposure to pesticides or other environmental chemicals and how different social processes contribute to this exposure.

Prevalencias de exposición a riesgos laborales en trabajadoras embarazadas (proyecto INMA-Valencia) / Prevalence of exposure to occupational risks in pregnant Spanish workers (the INMA Project-Valencia)

ObjetivoDescribir las prevalencias de exposición declarada a riesgos laborales en mujeres embarazas y analizar su relación con características sociodemográficas y laborales a partir de la información recogida en la cohorte INMA-Valencia.MétodosLa cohorte INMA-Valencia se inicia en 2004 con 855 mujeres embarazadas residentes en la provincia de Valencia. En la semana 32 de gestación se recogió información, mediante entrevista personal con cuestionario estructurado, sobre características sociodemográficas (edad, nivel de estudios, país de nacimiento), condiciones de empleo (actividad, ocupación, tipo de contrato, tipo de jornada) y exposición laboral autorreferida a carga física y riesgos psicosociales, físicos, químicos y biológicos, en las mujeres con un trabajo remunerado durante el embarazo (n=649).ResultadosLas prevalencias de exposición laboral declarada a carga física, riesgos psicosociales y riesgos físicos (incluyendo radiaciones no ionizantes) fueron, respectivamente, del 56%, 63% y 62%. La prevalencia de exposición declarada a riesgos químicos (incluyendo productos de limpieza) fue del 22%, y del 6% a los riesgos biológicos. En general, la exposición referida a riesgos laborales fue más frecuente en las mujeres más jóvenes, con nivel educativo bajo, no españolas y trabajadoras temporales y autónomas.ConclusionesEn este estudio se cuantifica por primera vez en España la prevalencia de exposición declarada a riesgos laborales en una muestra de base poblacional de mujeres embarazadas. Según los datos obtenidos parece necesario reforzar las medidas de vigilancia y control de estas exposiciones, algunas de ellas asociadas consistentemente con efectos negativos sobre la reproducción y el desarrollo(AU)

ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of exposure to occupational risks among pregnant women and analyze its relationship with personal and occupational characteristics using information collected in the Childhood and Environment (Infancia y Medio Ambiente [INMA])-Valencia cohort study.MethodsThe INMA-Valencia cohort study started in 2004 with 855 pregnant women living in Valencia, Spain. Data on sociodemographic variables (age, education and country of birth) and occupational conditions (activity, occupation, type of contract, working hours and self-reported occupational exposure to physical load and psychosocial, physical, chemical and biological risks) in women with paid employment during pregnancy (n=649) were collected through face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire in week 32 of pregnancy.ResultsThe prevalences of reported exposure to physical and psychosocial load and to physical pollutants (including non-ionizing radiations) were 56%, 63% and 62%, respectively. The prevalence of reported exposure to chemicals (including cleaning products) and biological pollutants was 22% and 6%, respectively. In general, the characteristics most closely associated with exposure to occupational risks were younger age, non-Spanish nationality, lower education, having a temporary contract or being self-employed.ConclusionsThis study is the first to quantify the prevalence of exposure to occupational risks during pregnancy in a Spanish population-based sample. According to the data observed, surveillance and control actions should be intensified in pregnant workers, as some of the observed occupational exposures have been consistently associated with detrimental reproductive and developmental effects(AU)

[Prevalence of exposure to occupational risks in pregnant Spanish workers (the INMA Project-Valencia)]. / Prevalencias de exposición a riesgos laborales en trabajadoras embarazadas (proyecto INMA-Valencia).

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of exposure to occupational risks among pregnant women and analyze its relationship with personal and occupational characteristics using information collected in the Childhood and Environment (Infancia y Medio Ambiente [INMA])-Valencia cohort study. METHODS: The INMA-Valencia cohort study started in 2004 with 855 pregnant women living in Valencia, Spain. Data on sociodemographic variables (age, education and country of birth) and occupational conditions (activity, occupation, type of contract, working hours and self-reported occupational exposure to physical load and psychosocial, physical, chemical and biological risks) in women with paid employment during pregnancy (n=649) were collected through face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire in week 32 of pregnancy. RESULTS: The prevalences of reported exposure to physical and psychosocial load and to physical pollutants (including non-ionizing radiations) were 56%, 63% and 62%, respectively. The prevalence of reported exposure to chemicals (including cleaning products) and biological pollutants was 22% and 6%, respectively. In general, the characteristics most closely associated with exposure to occupational risks were younger age, non-Spanish nationality, lower education, having a temporary contract or being self-employed. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to quantify the prevalence of exposure to occupational risks during pregnancy in a Spanish population-based sample. According to the data observed, surveillance and control actions should be intensified in pregnant workers, as some of the observed occupational exposures have been consistently associated with detrimental reproductive and developmental effects.

Exposición a carga física en el trabajo por ocupación: una explotación de los datos en matriz empleo-exposición española (MATEMESP) / Exposure to ergonomic risk bt occupation in spanish working: a data exploitation of MatEmESp

Fundamentos: La exposición a riesgos ergonómicos es la principal causa de daños de origen laboral. El objetivo es describir la prevalencia de exposición a carga física por ocupación en población laboral española y su relación con las condiciones de empleo y características sociodemográficas de los trabajadores. Métodos: Se utilizó la información contenida en la Matriz Empleo-Exposición Española (MatEmESp) con datos entre 1997 y 2005. Se describieron las prevalencias de exposición a riesgos ergonómicos, identificándose las ocupaciones con mayores prevalencias y se analizó la relación con las condiciones de empleo y las características sociodemográficas por ocupación mediante coeficientes de correlación de Spearman y diagramas de dispersión. Resultados: Los movimientos repetidos fueron el riesgo ergonómico declarado con mayor frecuencia (prevalencias en torno al 60%). Las mayores prevalencias de exposición a posturas forzadas, manipulación de cargas, movimientos repetidos y trabajo sedentario se dieron en "albañiles" (96%), en "peones de construcción" (89%), en "trabajadores de artes gráficas" (95%) y "auxiliares administrativos" (98%), respectivamente. Encontramos una fuerte relación (p<0,001) entre la prevalencia de exposición a estos cuatro riesgos y la proporción de personas con estudios primarios en la ocupación (correlación -0,62 en trabajo sedentario y entre 0,59 y 0,66 en el resto). Ocupaciones con alta proporción de mujeres y nivel de estudios universitarios ("enfermeras"), también mostraron prevalencias de exposición elevadas a manipulación de cargas (>50%). Conclusiones: En general, la prevalencia de exposición a riesgos ergonómicos se mantiene muy elevada en el periodo analizado. Las ocupaciones menos cualificadas presentaron habitualmente mayores prevalencias de exposición (AU)

Background: Ergonomic hazards exposure is the main cause of occupational pain. The aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of exposure to occupational physical load by occupation, in Spanish working population, and its relationship to employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics of workers. Methods: We used the information contained in the Spanish Job-Exposure Matrix (MatEmESp), with data between 1997 and 2005. We describe the prevalence of exposure to ergonomic hazards, we identify the occupations with the highest prevalence of exposure and we analyze its relationship to employment conditions and sociodemographic characteristics by occupation, using Spearman correlation coefficients and Scatter plots. Results: Repetitive movements are ergonomic hazard most frequently reported (prevalence around 60%). The greater prevalence of exposure to awkward postures are given in "Bricklayers" (96%), to handling loads in "construction labourers" (89%), to repetitive movements in "graphic arts workers" (95%) and sedentary work in "administrative assistants" (98%). We found a strong relationship (p<0,001) between the prevalence of exposure to the four hazards considered, and the proportion of people with primary education by occupation (correlation coefficients -0,62 in sedentary work and between 0,59 and 0,66 in the other). Occupations with a high proportion of women and with a university studies levels ("nurses"), also has frequent exposure to handling loads (>50%). Conclusions: In general, the prevalence of exposure to ergonomic hazards remains high in the period analyzed. Less qualified occupations usually have a higher prevalence of exposure (AU)