A critical review on the assessment of the quality and authenticity of Tequila by different analytical techniques: Recent advances and perspectives.

Currently, the authenticity and traceability of Tequila are determined in an inspection process carried out by the Tequila Regulatory Council. However, in recent years, the authorities have seized illegal alcoholic products that are marketed as Tequila without being so, making it necessary to strengthen the current methods of detecting counterfeiting and/or adulteration. Therefore, it is important to establish a review of the current analytical techniques that have been proposed to solve this problem. In this review, emphasis is placed on the analysis of the analytical techniques that have been used to consolidate a profile of authenticity and quality in Tequila, thus highlighting new auxiliary analytical techniques to the current verification process, establishing future validation opportunities in terms of international quality control. The use of isotopic ratios stands out as the most robust technique because it establishes the type of sugar source used and the maturation time of the manufacturing process.

Towards understanding of heterogeneous Fenton reaction using carbon-Fe catalysts coupled to in-situ H2O2 electro-generation as clean technology for wastewater treatment.

Iron-supported catalyst on granular activated carbon was prepared for its use in heterogeneous Fenton reaction coupled to an in situ H2O2 electro-generation. For this process, an electrolysis cell was employed, using carbon felt as cathode and graphite as anode. A solution of H2O2 (electrogenerated at a rate of 30 mg L-1 h-1) was obtained using a current intensity of 12 mA. In order to promote the decomposition of H2O2 to OH, a Carbon-Fe catalyst was used. This catalyst was prepared by incipient wet impregnation using FeSO4 as precursor salt to obtain samples with 9% wt of iron. Samples were characterized by EDX, FTIR and XPS spectroscopy before and after wastewater treatment using phenol as model molecule. Two iron oxidation states on the samples were found, Fe2+ and Fe3+. The ratio between Fe2+/Fe3+ was 1.29 which was later reduced to 0.92 after Fenton process; this might be associated with the metal oxidation (Fe2+ to Fe+3) occurring during Fenton-reaction, thus indicating that H2O2 decomposition was carried out by Fe2+ on carbon surface. Detection and quantification of hydroxyl radical were carried out by fluorescence spectroscopy, obtaining a radical concentration of 3.5 µM in solution. Iron in solution were determined, showing a concentration of 0.1 mg L-1, making evident that the supported metal is stable and the reaction is carried out in a heterogeneous phase. Results showed an environmentally friendly process that can generate reagents in situ, with high efficiencies in the degradation of pollutants and minimizing the formation of toxic byproducts, which are common in conventional treatments.