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1.
Synapse ; 76(11-12): e22246, 2022 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35831708

ABSTRACT

Striatal medium-sized spiny neurons express mRNA and protein of GPR55 receptors that stimulate neurotransmitter release; thus, GPR55 could be sent to nigral striatal projections, where it might modulate GABA release and motor behavior. Here, we study the presence of GPR55 receptors at striato-nigral terminals, their modulation of GABA release, their signaling pathway, and their effect on motor activity. By double immunohistochemistry, we found the colocation of GPR55 protein and substance P in the dorsal striatum. In slices of the rat substantia nigra, the GPR55 agonists LPI and O-1602 stimulated [3 H]-GABA release induced by high K+ depolarization in a dose-dependent manner. The antagonists CID16020046 and cannabidiol prevented agonist stimulation in a dose-dependent way. The effect of GPR55 on nigral [3 H]-GABA release was prevented by lesion of the striatum with kainic acid, which was accompanied by a decrement of GPR55 protein in nigral synaptosomes, indicating the presynaptic location of receptors. The depletion of internal Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin did not prevent the effect of LPI on [3 H]-GABA release, but the remotion or chelation of external calcium did. Blockade of Gi, Gs, PLC, PKC, or dopamine D1 receptor signaling proteins did not prevent the effect of GPR55 on release. However, the activation of GPR55 stimulated [3 H]-cAMP accumulation and PKA activity. Intranigral unilateral injection of LPI induces contralateral turning. This turning was prevented by CID16020046, cannabidiol, and bicuculline but not by SCH 23390. Our data indicate that presynaptic GPR55 receptors stimulate [3 H]-GABA release at striato-nigral terminals through [3 H]-cAMP production and stimulate motor behavior.


Subject(s)
Cannabidiol , Receptors, Cannabinoid , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled , Receptors, Presynaptic , Animals , Azabicyclo Compounds , Benzoates , Bicuculline/pharmacology , Calcium/metabolism , Cannabidiol/metabolism , Cannabidiol/pharmacology , Kainic Acid/metabolism , Kainic Acid/pharmacology , Neurotransmitter Agents/pharmacology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Receptors, Cannabinoid/metabolism , Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Receptors, Presynaptic/metabolism , Substance P/metabolism , Substantia Nigra/metabolism , Thapsigargin/metabolism , Thapsigargin/pharmacology , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
3.
Span J Psychol ; 14(2): 548-55, 2011 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22059301

ABSTRACT

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naive Control Group). The results of these studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as the experimental group (with white numbers as targets and a second imaginary color task) -Trained Control Group-. We found no cost for this second control group. This means that the cost of mental set reconfiguration between numbers (inducers) and their photisms (concurrent sensations) occurs, that there is a specific cost asymmetry (from photisms to inducers) and that this cost cannot be explained by associative learning. The results are discussed in terms of exogenous and endogenous components of mental set reconfiguration.


Subject(s)
Association , Color Perception , Executive Function , Imagination , Mathematics , Optical Illusions , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Set, Psychology , Adult , Attention , Female , Humans , Male , Psychomotor Performance , Reaction Time , Young Adult
4.
Span. j. psychol ; 14(2): 548-555, nov. 2011. tab, ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-91197

ABSTRACT

In this study we present an experiment investigating the reconfiguration process elicited by the task switching paradigm in synaesthesia. We study the time course of the operations involved in the activation of photisms. In the experimental Group, four digit-color synaesthetes alternated between an odd-even task and a color task (to indicate the photism elicited by each digit). In both tasks, the target stimuli were numbers between 1 and 9 written in white. One of the control groups ran the same tasks but this time with colored numbers (Naïve Control Group). The results of these studies showed the expected pattern for the control group in the case of regular shift: a significant task switch cost with an abrupt offset and a cost reduction in long RSI. However for the experimental group, we found switch cost asymmetry in the short RSI and non-significant cost in the long RSI. A second control group performed exactly the same tasks as the experimental group (with white numbers as targets and a second imaginary color task) -Trained Control Group-. We found no cost for this second control group. This means that the cost of mental set reconfiguration between numbers (inducers) and their photisms (concurrent sensations) occurs, that there is a specific cost asymmetry (from photisms to inducers) and that this cost cannot be explained by associative learning. The results are discussed in terms of exogenous and endogenous components of mental set reconfiguration (AU)


En este estudio presentamos un experimento en el que se investiga el proceso de reconfiguración mental empleando el paradigma de cambio de tarea en sinestesia. Estudiamos el tiempo de preparación necesario en la activación de un fotismo. En el grupo experimental, cuatro sinestetas dígito-color alternaban entre una tarea de números (par-impar) y otra de color (indicar el fotismo evocado por cada dígito). En ambas tareas, el estímulo era un número entre el 1 y el 9 escrito en blanco. Uno de los grupos control realizó la misma tarea pero con los números coloreados (Naïve Control Group). Los resultados muestran el patrón de datos esperado para el grupo control en el caso de cambio de tarea predecible: un coste por cambio de tarea que desaparece en el primer ensayo de repetición usando un intervalo respuesta estímulo (RSI) largo. Sin embargo, en el grupo experimental, encontramos asimetrías en el patrón del costo usando RSI corto y un coste no significativo en el RSI largo. Un segundo grupo control realizó exactamente la misma tarea que el grupo experimental (con números en blanco y una segunda tarea de «color imaginario») -Trained Control Group-. Encontramos que no existe costo en este segundo grupo de control. Esto significa que el coste por la reconfiguración mental al alternar entre tarea de números (inductores) y su fotismo (sensación concurrente) ocurre, que hay una asimetría del costo específica (del fotismo a los inductores) y que este costo no puede ser explicado mediante el aprendizaje asociativo. Estos resultados se discuten en términos de los componentes exógenos y endógenos de la reconfiguración mental (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Attention/physiology , Psychophysiology/methods , Psychophysiology/trends , Theory of Mind/physiology , Psychology, Experimental/methods , Analysis of Variance , Psychology, Experimental/organization & administration , Psychology, Experimental/trends
5.
Psicológica (Valencia, Ed. impr.) ; 31(2): 171-198, 2010. tab, ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-79677

ABSTRACT

El paradigma de cambio de tarea ha ayudado a los psicólogos a conocer los procesos involucrados en el cambio de una actividad a otra. La literatura aporta resultados consistentes sobre la reconfiguración necesaria para el cambio de tarea (desaparición abrupta del coste cuando el cambio es predecible vs. reducción gradual del coste en condiciones de cambio impredecible; componentes endógeno y exógeno del coste; asimetría del coste…). En la investigación que presentamos aquí mostramos los resultados de varios experimentos en los que estudiamos el proceso de reconfiguración que se produce al alternar entre Modus Ponens y Modus Tollens. Los resultados muestran que el cambio de una inferencia a otra produce un empeoramiento en el número de errores de los participantes, así como un aumento en los tiempos de reacción (coste por interferencia del cambio). Además, encontramos una mejora gradual en el Modus Tollens en secuencias no predecibles y con intervalos respuesta-estímulo largos, en los ensayos de repetición de tarea. Ambos resultados son compatibles con la hipótesis de la reconfiguración de tarea(AU)


The task-switch paradigm has helped psychologists gain insight into the processes involved in changing from one activity to another. The literature has yielded consistent results about switch cost reconfiguration (abrupt offset in regular task-switch vs. gradual reduction in random task-switch; endogenous and exogenous components of switch cost; cost asymmetry...). In this study we present several experiments in which we investigated the reconfiguration process elicited by task switching between Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens. We found that the switch from one inference to a new one produces impairment in accuracy as an increase in reaction time (cost of inference switch). Moreover, with random sequences and a long response stimulus interval we found a gradual improvement in Modus Tollens repetitions. Both results are compatible with the task reconfiguration hypothesis(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Hypothesis-Testing , Cost Allocation/standards , Cost Allocation , Physical Stimulation/methods , Reaction Time/ethics , Reaction Time/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Social Change , Risk Factors
6.
Interciencia ; 32(6): 368-376, jun. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-502725

ABSTRACT

Los pronósticos de vulnerabilidad del rendimiento de cultivos en relación con los escenarios existentes del cambio climático durante el siglo XXI se realizan, generalmente, sin considerar la alteración de la fertilidad del suelo atribuible al cambio climático. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar el papel de ese factor en el pronóstico del cambio en la productividad del maíz (C4) y trigo (C3) de temporal en varias zonas de referencia de México, utilizando los pronósticos desarrollados por el Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, para el escenario de duplicación del CO2 en la atmósfera, al final del siglo XXI. Para estimar la alteración de la fertilidad del suelo se estableció una relación cuantitativa entre el índice integral de fertilidad del suelo (F) para suelos con la misma génesis y un índice climático. Se pronosticaron cambios en las productividades real y potencial, en el índice F y en la disponibilidad hídrica para los cultivos. La alteración de la fertilidad del suelo puede causar cambio del rendimiento hasta en 20 por ciento, lo que índica su importancia en los pronósticos de rendimientos. Los resultados pronóstican incrementos en el rendimiento hasta de 463 kg.ha-¹ en las zonas aridas y semiáridas, y disminuciones hasta de 392 kg.ha-¹ en las zonas húmedas y semi-humedas, para el caso del maíz; y, en general, incrementos en la producción del trigo de hasta 1100 kg-ha-¹.


Subject(s)
Climate , Fertility , Soil Analysis , Triticum , Zea mays , Agriculture , Mexico , Venezuela
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