ABSTRACT
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a world public health issue because of its high frequency, morbidity, and mortality. FH is characterized by elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a high risk for premature cardiovascular disease. We report an 8-year-old male with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of this case were bilateral corneal arcus, xanthomas in several body parts, severe stenosis of the left carotid artery and serum total cholesterol levels of 782.0 mg/dL and 715.0 mg/dL LDL-C. The initial treatment was atorvastatin (40 mg) and ezetimibe (20 mg), with no satisfactory response. LDLR gene was analyzed and homozygosity for c.1055G>A mutation was observed, resulting in an amino acid change from cysteine to tyrosine in codon 352 (p.Cys352Tyr). This mutation is known as Mexico 2 and has only been observed in the Mexican population. Both parents and siblings were carriers of the same mutation, but the paternal grandmother and the father of the index case showed the phenomenon of incomplete penetrance. With the analysis 5 polymorphisms (rs1003723C>T, rs5930A>G, rs688C>T, rs5929T>C and rs5927A>G), a common ancestor for the mutation can be suggested and linkage to TGTCG haplotype.
Subject(s)
Homozygote , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/genetics , Mutation , Receptors, LDL/genetics , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/drug therapy , Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Pedigree , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptors, LDL/metabolismABSTRACT
La hipertensión es pobremente controlada en la mayoría de los pacientes. La tasa de control definida como una presión arterial sistólica (PAS) < 140 mmHg y presión arterial diastólica (PAD) < 90 mmHg, es menor a 20% en México. Este estudio que involucró 31 centros de investigación, realizado en condiciones reales, fue diseñado para establecer que 6.25 mg de hidroclorotiazida (HCTZ) dados una vez al día en combinación fija con 2.5 o 5 mg de fumarato de bisoprolol pueden contribuir a alcanzar las metas de control en pacientes con hipertensión sistémica grado I, II o III que fracasaron en un régimen antihipertensivo previo, y que estas combinaciones son más seguras que los fármacos por separado. Los resultados mostraron disminuciones significativas de la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica de 33.3 y 18.4 mmHg, respectivamente. La tasa de respuesta fue de 85.7% a las 32 semanas de tratamiento. Se observó disminución de la frecuencia cardiaca promedio de 10.8 latidos/minuto; la frecuencia cardiaca promedio final fue de 67.05 latidos/minuto. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que la combinación de bisoprolol en dosis de 2.5 o 5.0 mg con 6.25 mg de hidroclorotiazida al día, tiene efectos aditivos que resultan eficaces en el control de la presión arterial ya sea leve, moderada o severa; y que ayuda a pacientes hipertensos a alcanzar las metas de control en muy alto porcentaje y a corto plazo, sin afectación sobre otros sistemas, por lo que son seguros en pacientes hipertensos diabéticos y dislipidémicos, y que en conjunción con la regulación de la frecuencia cardiaca proveen cardioprotección a pacientes con alto riesgo cardiovascular. Las combinaciones fijas de antihipertensivos simplifican el régimen de dosis, mejoran el apego, el control de la hipertensión, disminuyen los efectos adversos dependientes de la dosis y reducen los costos como primera línea de tratamiento de la hipertensión.
Hypertension is poorly controlled in most patients. The control rate, defined as a systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 90 mmHg, is less than 20% in Mexico. This study involving 31 research centers, carried out under real conditions was designed to establish that 6.25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) given once daily in fixed combination with 2.5 mg or 5 mg of bisoprolol fumarate can contribute to achieve the control targets in patients with grade I, II or III systemic hypertension who failed to a previous antihypertensive regimen, and that these combinations are safer than the drugs alone. The results showed significant mean decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 33.3 mmHg and 18.4 mmHg respectively. The response rate was 85.7% at 32 weeks of treatment. There was a decrease in mean heart rate of 10.8 beats/min, final average heart rate was 67.05 beats per minute. The results of this study show that the combination of bisoprolol in doses of 2.5 or 5.0 mg to 6.25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide per day, has additive effects that are effective in controlling blood pressure, whether mild, moderate or severe, and that helps hypertensive patients to achieve the control goals at a very high percentage and in the short term, without affecting other systems so they are safe in hypertensive diabetic and dyslipidemic patients, and in conjunction with the heart rate regulation provides cardio-protection to patients at high cardiovascular risk. Fixed combinations of antihypertensive drugs simplify dosing regimen, improve adherence to treatment, hypertension control, decrease dose-dependent adverse effects and decrease costs as a first line treatment for hypertension.
