Ram semen quality after supplementation with gelatin, agar or alginate prior to cooling storage.

Adding gelling agents to convert the liquid state of the semen extender to a solid state allows for an increased sperm life span. Gelatin and alginate have been used to study the effects of gelling agents on sperm quality. However, there are other gelling agents that have not been studied, such as agar. In addition, studying different sources of gelling agents or the effect of mixing more than one gelling agent with semen extenders on sperm fertility has received little attention. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding agar and a mixture of gelling agents from different sources to semen extender on ram sperm traits and fertility. The first trial evaluated the effect of the addition of 2.5-3 mg mL-1 of gelatin mixed with 0.5-20 mg mL-1 of agar or alginate to ram semen extender on sperm (motility, progressive motility, live/dead, membrane integrity) and semen (pH) characteristics. The response variables were evaluated 1, 72 and 144 h after storage at 4°C. In the second trial, two sources (feed grade and bacteriological) of gelatin and agar were evaluated on the response variables as in Trial 1. In trial 3, a total of 34 ewes were inseminated with doses supplemented (n = 17) with or without (n = 17) agar and gelatin. The pregnancy rate was diagnosed 40 days after insemination. In general, adding agar and gelatin improves (p < .05) sperm motility, membrane integrity and the ratio of live sperm after 144 h of storage compared to the Control group, regardless of the source (bacteriological or feed grade). However, the pregnancy rate in ewes was not influenced (p ≥ .05) by semen doses stored with agar and gelatin. In conclusion, the addition of agar and gelatin preserves ram sperm motility and membrane integrity after 144 of storage at 4°C without affecting the pregnancy rate in inseminated ewes.

Coat Color in Local Goats: Influence on Environmental Adaptation and Productivity, and Use as a Selection Criterion.

This paper aims to review, systematically synthesize, and analyze fragmented information about the importance of coat color in local goats and its relationship with productivity and other important traits. Topics on current research on color expression are addressed, the relationship that has as a mechanism of environmental adaptation, its relationship with the production of meat, milk, and derivates, and the economic value of this characteristic. The use of this attribute as a tool to establish selection criteria in breeding programs based on results reported in the scientific literature is significant, particularly for low-income production systems, where the implementation of classic genetic improvement schemes is limited due to the lack of productive information, which is distinctive of extensive marginal or low scaled production systems around the world.

Antioxidant supplementation in female ruminants during the periconceptional period: A review / Suplementación con antioxidantes en hembras rumiantes durante el periodo periconcepcional Revisión de literatura / Suplementação de antioxidantes em fêmeas de ruminantes durante o período periconcepcional Revisão de literatura

Abstract Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants. Under normal physiological conditions, free radicals are involved in reproductive events such as cell cycle activation, ovulation and luteolysis. However, when an overproduction of free radicals surpasses antioxidant capacity, oxidative damage, reproductive anomalies and diminished fertility occur. Supplementation with antioxidants prevents oxidative damage and can be incorporated into reproductive management to improve fertility in females. Selection of the preovulatory follicle, ovulation, fertilization, embryo development and formation of the corpus luteum occur during the periconceptional period. This is a dynamic period and the events are susceptible to oxidative stress damage. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the effect of oxidative stress on reproductive events during the periconceptional period, as well as to address antioxidant supplementation during this period.

Resumen El estrés oxidativo es generado por un desbalance entre radicales libres y antioxidantes. Bajo condiciones fisiológicas normales, los radicales libres participan en eventos reproductivos tales como activación del ciclo celular, ovulación y luteólisis. Sin embargo, cuando estos son producidos en cantidades que sobrepasan la capacidad antioxidante del organismo producen daño oxidativo y trastornos reproductivos que disminuyen la fertilidad de la hembra. La suplementación con antioxidantes previene el daño oxidativo y su incorporación a programas de manejo reproductivo puede ser una opción para mejorar la fertilidad de la hembra. La selección del folículo preovulatorio, ovulación, fecundación, desarrollo embrionario y formación del cuerpo lúteo ocurren durante el periodo periconcepcional. Este es un periodo dinámico y los eventos que ocurren en él son susceptibles a daño por estrés oxidativo. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión es discutir el efecto del estrés oxidativo en los eventos reproductivos durante el periodo periconcepcional, así como la suplementación de antioxidantes en rumiantes durante este periodo.

Resumo O stress oxidativo é gerado por um desequilíbrio entre radicais livres e antioxidantes. Sob condições fisiológicas normais, os radicais livres participam de eventos reprodutivos, como ativação do ciclo estral, ovulação e luteólise. No entanto, quando é produzido em quantidades que excedem a capacidade antioxidante do organismo, produzem danos oxidativos e distúrbios reprodutivos que diminuem a fertilidade da fêmea. A suplementação com antioxidantes previne o dano oxidativo e sua incorporação em programas de gerenciamento reprodutivo pode ser uma opção para melhorar a fertilidade da fêmea. A seleção do folículo pré-ovulatório, ovulação, fecundação, desenvolvimento embrionário e formação do corpo lúteo ocorrem durante o período periconcepcional. Este é um período dinâmico e os eventos que ocorrem são suscetíveis ao dano por estresse oxidativo. Portanto, o objetivo dessa revisão é fornecer ao leitor conhecimento sobre o efeito do estresse oxidativo em eventos reprodutivos durante o período periconcepcional, e também discutir a suplementação com antioxidantes em ruminantes durante este período.

Effect of injectable trace mineral complex supplementation on development of ovarian structures and serum copper and zinc concentrations in over-conditioned Holstein cows.

This study evaluated the effect of injecting trace minerals on reproductive performance in over-conditioned Holstein cows before synchronized estrus. Multiparous non-lactating, over-conditioned repeat breeder cows (n=20) were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: 1) control (n=10), and 2) supplementation with an injectable trace mineral complex 25days before expected synchronized estrus (n=10). Follicular waves were synchronized by intravaginal insertion of a CIDR for eight days and an intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a GnRH analogue. Estrus was induced at CIDR removal by an i.m. injection of PGF2α. Blood samples were collected before and after synchronized estrus. The response variables were follicle population (FP), diameter of the preovulatory follicle at CIDR removal (DFP0) and at estrus detection (DFP1), time of estrus after CIDR removal (TE), area of corpus luteum (ACL), pregnancy rate and copper and zinc serum concentrations. The statistical analysis of the variables was carried out with SAS. The FP, DFP0, DFP1, TE, ACL and serum concentrations of copper and zinc were not affected by the trace mineral injection (P>0.05). Even though pregnancy rate at 40 (77.78±13.46 vs 44.44±16.56%) and 60days after AI (66.67±15.71 vs 33.33±15.71%) was numerically higher for cows injected with trace minerals than for the control group, the differences were not significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, while follicular and corpus luteum development were not affected by trace mineral injection, it may be a feasible way to increase the pregnancy rate in over-conditioned cows.

Superovulatory response and embryo quality of Holstein heifers treated with one or two injections of somatotropin / Respuesta superovulatoria y calidad de embriones de novillas Holstein tratadas con una o dos inyecciones de somatotropina / Resposta superovulatória e qualidade dos embriões de novilhas Holandesas tratadas com uma ou duas injeções de somatotropina

Background: recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) is used in bovine embryo donors to improve superovulatory response and embryo quality. Objective: this study evaluated the effect of applying one versus two injections of 500 mg of rbST to donor Holstein heifers on estrus incidence (IE), diameter of the largest preovulatory follicle (dLPF), superovulation response (SR), embryo yield, and pregnancy rate in recipient Holstein cows (PRR). Methods: two superstimulation programs were conducted. Heifers were assigned to one of two treatments: 1) rbST-I, n = 5: heifers received one injection of rbST on day 0 (day of CIDR (controlled internal drug release) removal); 2) rbST-II, n = 5: heifers received the first rbST injection on day -8 and the second one on day 0. Thirty-eight cows were used as recipients and were assigned to receive one embryo from one of the two treatments. Results: there was no effect of treatment (p˃0.05) on PRR, dLPF, IE, and SR. The number of oocytes increased (p˂0.05) in the rbST-I treatment (1.3 ± 0.4 vs 0.2 ± 0.2), but there was no difference in the number (p˃0.05) of degenerated (1.0 ± 0.5 vs 4.5 ± 3.0) or transferable (1.0 ± 0.5 vs 1.4 ± 0.7) embryos between heifers in the rbST-I and rbST-II treatments, respectively. Moreover, no oocytes or embryos were recovered from 36.8% of donor heifers in either treatment. Conclusion: the application of 500 mg of rbST on days -8 and 0 of the follicular wave synchronization program did not increase the superovulatory response but significantly reduced the number of oocytes recovered from superovulated Holstein heifers.

Antecedentes: la somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) ha sido aplicada en vacas donadoras de embriones con el objetivo de mejorar la respuesta superovulatoria y la calidad embrionaria. Objetivo: este trabajo de investigación evaluó el efecto de aplicar una versus dos inyecciones de 500 mg de rbST a novillas Holstein donadoras de embriones sobre la incidencia de celo (IE), diámetro del folículo preovulatorio de mayor tamaño (dLFP), respuesta superovulatoria (SR), producción de embriones y tasa de concepción en vacas Holstein receptoras de embriones (PRR). Métodos: se llevaron a cabo dos programas de superestimulación. En cada programa las novillas fueron asignadas a uno de dos tratamientos: 1) rbST-I, n = 5: las novillas recibieron una inyección de rbST el día cero (día de remoción del CIDR (dispositivo intravaginal liberador de progesterona); 2) rbST-II, n = 5: las novillas recibieron la primera inyección de rbST el día -8 y la segunda el día cero. Treinta y ocho vacas fueron utilizadas como receptoras. Cada receptora recibió un embrión proveniente de una donadora de uno de los dos tratamientos. Resultados: la aplicación de una o dos inyecciones de rbST no afectó (p˃0,05) la PRR, dLFP, IE ni la SR. El número de ovocitos fue mayor (p˂0,05) en el tratamiento rbST-I (1,3 ± 0,4 vs 0,2 ± 0,2), el número de embriones degenerados (1,0 ± 0,5 vs 4,5 ± 3,0) o transferibles (1.0 ± 0,5 vs 1,4 ± 0,7) no fue diferente (p˃0,05) entre las vaquillas del tratamiento rbST-I y rbST-II. Además, del 36,8% de donadoras de ambos tratamientos no se colectó ningún ovocito o embrión. Conclusión: la aplicación de 500 mg de rbST los días -8 y cero del protocolo de sincronización de la onda folicular no incrementó la respuesta superovulatoria pero redujo significativamente el número de ovocitos recolectados de vaquillas Holstein superovuladas.

Antecedentes: a somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) tem sido aplicada em vacas doadoras de embriões com o objetivo de melhorar a resposta superovulatória e a qualidade embrionária. Objetivo: o presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da aplicação de uma contra duas injeções de 500 mg de rbST em novilhas de raça Holandesa doadoras de embriões na incidência do cio (IE), diâmetro do maior folículo pré-ovulatorio (dLFP), resposta superovulatória (SR), produção de embriões e taxa de gestação em vacas receptoras de raça Holandesa (PRR). Métodos: foram feitos dois programas de superestimulação, em cada superstimulação as novilhas foram distribuídas em um de dois tratamentos: 1) rbST-I, n = 5: as novilhas receberam uma injeção de rbST no dia zero (dia de remoção do CIDR -dispositivo intravaginal de liberação controlada de progesterona). 2) rbST-II, n = 5: as novilhas receberam a primeira injeção de rbST no dia -8 e a segunda injeção no dia zero. Trinta e oito vacas foram utilizadas como receptoras e receberam um embrião proveniente de uma doadora de um dos dois tratamentos. Resultados: a aplicação de uma ou duas injeções de rbST não afetou (p˃0,05) a PRR, dLFP, IE nem a SR. O número de oócitos foi maior (p˂0,05) no tratamento rbST-I (1,3 ± 0,4 vs 0,2 ± 0,2), o número de embriões não-viáveis (1,0 ± 0,5 vs 4,5 ± 3,0) ou viáveis (1,0 ± 0,5 vs 1,4 ± 0,7) não foram diferentes (p˃0,05) entre as novilhas do tratamento rbST-I e rbST-II. Além disso, do 36.8% das doadoras de ambos os tratamentos não foi possível coletar nenhum oócito ou embrião. Conclusões: A aplicação de 500 mg de rbST o dia -8 e zero do protocolo de sincronização da onda folicular não aumentou a resposta superovulatória, mas diminuiu significativamente o número de oócitos coletados de novilhas de raça Holandesa superovuladas.