Bullying According to Gender, and Immigration Background in Spanish Students.

BACKGROUND: Boys are more frequent aggressors than girls, but there are no conclusive findings on gender differences in victimization. There is a relationship between immigration background and bullying, but differences between generations are still debated. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) to analyze victimization according to gender and immigration background (first and second generation); 2) to compare the attitudes of students against bullying based on these variables. METHOD: A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was carried out, considering gender and immigration background as independent variables, and types of offline bullying (physical, verbal and relational) as dependent variables. The sample was made up of 6,335 Spanish students (50.1% girls; 49.9% boys; average age: 15.83, DT: 0.29). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were detected in types of bullying (considered together) and in attitudes against bullying according to gender and immigration background (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Being a first-generation immigrant stands out as the main risk factor. Findings are discussed as to the need to address cultural victimization in schools.

Bullying According to Gender, and Immigration Background in Spanish Students / Acoso Escolar Según el Género y los Antecedentes de Inmigración en Estudiantes Españoles

Background: Boys are more frequent aggressors than girls, but there are no conclusive findings on gender differences in victimization. There is a relationship between immigration background and bullying, but differences between generations are still debated. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1) to analyze victimization according to gender and immigration background (first and second generation); 2) to compare the attitudes of students against bullying based on these variables. Method: a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was carried out, considering gender and immigration background as independent variables, and types of offline bullying (physical, verbal and relational) as dependent variables. The sample was made up of 6,335 Spanish students (50.1% girls; 49.9% boys; average age: 15.83, DT: 0.29). Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in types of bullying (considered together) and in attitudes against bullying according to gender and immigration background (p <.001). Conclusions: being a first-generation immigrant stands out as the main risk factor. Findings are discussed as to the need to address cultural victimization in schools.(AU)

Antecedentes: Los chicos son agresores más frecuentemente que ellas, pero no hay hallazgos concluyentes sobre diferencias de género en la victimización. Existe relación entre antecedentes de inmigración y acoso escolar, pero todavía se discuten las diferencias entre generaciones. Por ello, los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) analizar el acoso escolar en función del género y los antecedentes de inmigración (primera y segunda generación); 2) comparar las actitudes de los estudiantes contra el acoso escolar en función de dichas variables. Método: se llevó a cabo un análisis multivariado de covarianza (MANCOVA). Las variables independientes fueron el género y los antecedentes de inmigración. Las variables dependientes fueron los tipos de acoso escolar presencial (físico, verbal y relacional). La muestra fue constituida por 6335 estudiantes españoles (50.1% mujeres; 49.9% hombres; media de edad: 15.83, DT: 0.29). Resultados: se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los tipos de acoso escolar considerados conjuntamente y en las actitudes contra el acoso en función del género y de los antecedentes de inmigración (p < .001). Conclusiones: el principal factor de riesgo encontrado fue ser inmigrante de primera generación. Los hallazgos se discuten en cuanto a la necesidad de abordar la victimización cultural en las escuelas.(AU)

COVID-19 Lockdown: Key Factors in Citizens' Stress.

Background: Confinement due to COVID-19 can have a short- and long-term impact on mental health (increased levels of stress and anxiety and emotional upheaval) and on people's quality of life. Knowing what factors are behind the stress can benefit the development of strategies and resources for future situations of a similar nature. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence of a series of sociodemographic factors, confinement conditions, and work situation on the stress reported by confined citizens. Method: The sample is made up of 2008 citizens (19.9% men), the Perceived Stress Scale of 14 items (PSS-14) was used to assess the stress level of the population, as well as a sociodemographic questionnaire and different questions aimed at obtain information about the characteristics of the confinement and the employment situation. Data were collected using exponential snowball-type non-probability sampling. Results: The results suggest that sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, and income level could be good predictors of confinement stress. Post-confinement work expectancy along with pre-confinement working conditions can be key to protecting the well-being of confined populations. Limitations: This is a transversal study that forces us to be cautious with causal interpretations. The questionnaire was administered online, which means it excluded a good proportion of the population. Conclusion: The perception of stress being higher in women than men, with the lowest stress in older people and those with higher reported incomes. Stress levels increase as populations spend more weeks in confinement and the pre-confinement work situation seems key to protecting the well-being of the population. A lower stress is observed among stable couples without children confined in residential or suburban areas. Low income or economic instability is associated with a higher rate of stress and anxiety. The results can contribute to prioritizing actions and aid by contributing to the formation of teams and the design of tools for work in the current pandemic situation.