Venting percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy in malignant bowel obstruction: safety and effectiveness in a comprehensive cancer centre.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately 20% of established malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) patients do not respond to pharmacological treatment. In these cases, venting percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy (VPRG) may be useful. Existing evidence is based on retrospective studies with methodological limitations. The purpose of this study is to describe safety and effectiveness for symptom control after VPRG placement in a prospective cohort of MBO patients. METHODS: Complications of VPRG placement, symptom control, destination on discharge and survival were analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included, 13 (61.9%) of whom were women. Mean age was 62.7 years (36-85). Local pain (n=8, 38.1%) and peristomal leakage (n=4, 19%) were the most frequent minor complications. No major complications occurred. Nausea and vomiting were relieved in most patients (n=20, 95.2%) after VPRG, and small quantities of liquid diet were introduced to these patients. Median time to death after VPRG was 13 days (IQR 8.6-17.4). Thirteen patients (61.9%) were discharged, with seven of them (33.3%) returning home. CONCLUSIONS: When pharmacological treatment fails, the use of VPRG in MBO patients may be feasible, safe and effective.

Assessing dynamic change in muscle during treatment of patients with cancer: Precision testing standards.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography images acquired during routine cancer care provide an opportunity to determine body composition with accuracy and precision. Quantification of skeletal muscle is of interest owing to its association with clinical outcomes. However, the standards of precision testing considered mandatory in other areas of radiology are lacking from the literature in this area. We aim to describe the change in skeletal muscle over time at different anatomical levels using the precision error. METHODS: Thirty-eight male patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated at two time points encompassing their treatment plan. Precision testing consisted of analyzing the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the skeletal muscle and total adipose tissue of 76 CT studies (38 images at baseline repeated twice and 38 follow-up images repeated twice) measured by a skilled observer. The % coefficient of variation (%CV), the root-mean-square standard deviation (RMS SD) and the corresponding 95% least significant change (LSC) were calculated for four anatomical levels: upper arm, thigh, chest and abdomen. RESULTS: The median time between scans was 223.6 (SD 31.2) days. Precision error (% CV) for total skeletal muscle cross sectional area was 0.86% for upper arm, 0.26% for thigh, 0.39% for chest and 0.63% for abdomen. The corresponding LSC values in upper arm, thigh, chest and abdomen were 2.4%, 0.7%, 1.1% and 1.8%, respectively. Based on the LSC for RMS SD, patients were classified in two categories according to muscle cross-sectional area: stable (i.e within LSC value) or gained and loss. To compare the four anatomical levels, the proportion of patients with muscle loss exceeding the LSC value was 74.3% for arm, 86.2% for thigh, 82.9% for chest and 76.3% for abdomen. For these same anatomic regions, the mean muscle loss for those patients classified below the LSC was 14.6% (SD 9.3), 13.4% (SD 7.8), 11.9% (SD 6.5) and 11.6% (SD 5.5), respectively. Only the loss of muscle area was significantly higher in thigh (p = 0.023), using L3 as the reference level. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the uniform use of a standard precision test when reporting muscle change over time. LSC values vary from 0.7 to 2.4% depending on anatomic site; with the lowest precision error to detect change in the thigh. Based on this analysis, muscle wasting appears to be systemic and while present in limbs and trunk is significantly higher in the thigh than in the chest, abdomen or upper arm.

Predictive Value of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Reduced muscle mass has been associated with increased treatment complications in several tumor types. We evaluated the impact of skeletal muscle index (SMI) on prognosis and immune-related adverse events (IrAEs) in a cohort of recurrent/metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI). METHODS: A single-institutional, retrospective study was performed including 61 consecutive patients of R/M HNSCC diagnosed between July 2015 and December 2018. SMI was quantified using a CT scan at L3 to evaluate body composition. Median baseline SMI was used to dichotomize patients in low and high SMI. Kaplan-Meier estimations were used to detect overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Toxicity was recorded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event v4.3. RESULTS: Patients were 52 men (85.2%) with mean of age 57.7 years (SD 9.62), mainly oral cavity (n = 21; 34.4%). Low SMI was an independent factor for OS in the univariate (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.14-3.73, p = 0.017) and multivariate Cox analyses (HR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.29-6.94; p = 0.011). PFS was also reduced in patients with low SMI (PFS HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.08-3.12; p = 0.025). IrAEs occurred in 29 (47.5%) patients. There was no association between low SMI and IrAEs at any grade (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.20-1.54; p = 0.261). However, grades 3 to 4 IrAEs were developed in seven patients of whom three had low SMI. CONCLUSIONS: Low SMI before ICI treatment in R/M HNSCC patients had a negative impact on OS and PFS. Further prospective research is needed to confirm the role of body composition as a predictive biomarker in ICI treatment.

¿Por qué los pacientes no toman la suplementación nutricional? / Why don't patients take their nutritional supplements?

La suplementación nutricional oral (SNO) forma parte del soporte nutricional en pacientes desnutridos. A pesar de que la adherencia y el cumplimiento tienen connotaciones diferentes, habitualmente se utiliza indistintamente tanto en publicaciones como en la práctica clínica diaria. La adherencia puede medirse a través de métodos objetivos y subjetivos. Sin embargo, las cifras son muy diversas debido a la gran variabilidad en el diseño de los estudios, los métodos de medición y la definición de adherencia, el ámbito de estudio y el tipo de pacientes. Existen varios factores que pueden influir negativamente en la adherencia a la suplementación nutricional y, por lo tanto, comprometer el estado nutricional de los pacientes. Estos factores están relacionados con el propio paciente, el entorno donde se consume el suplemento, el propio producto consumido y el papel del prescriptor. Los estudios publicados hasta el momento presentan importantes limitaciones en cuanto a sus objetivos, su calidad y el tiempo transcurrido para evaluar la adherencia. Un enfoque global podría ayudar a mejorar el consumo de suplementación nutricional en pacientes con un estado nutricional comprometido y que necesitasen una prescripción nutricional a medio-largo plazo. La realización de futuros estudios en grupos concretos de población que evalúen no solo los aspectos organolépticos de los SNO, sino que aborden la influencia de todos los factores que afectan directa o indirectamente la adherencia a la suplementación nutricional es fundamental, especialmente para aquellos que presentan desnutrición

Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are part of the nutritional support for malnourished patients. Although the terms "adherence" and "compliance" have different connotations, they tend to be interchangeable in literature and in the daily clinical practice. Adherence can be measured through objective and subjective methods. However, research results vary enormously due to the huge differences in design, measurement methodology, adherence definition, scope and type of patients. There are several factors that may have a detrimental effect on adherence to nutritional supplements and, therefore, compromise patients' nutritional condition. These factors are associated to the patient, the environment in which the supplement is taken, the supplement itself and the prescriber's role. Researches published to date show considerable limitations in terms of targets, quality and the period of time over which adherence is estimated. A global approach may help malnourished patients requiring a dietary prescription in the medium-long term improve their intake of nutritional supplements. It is essential to conduct further research with specific population groups, particularly with malnourished patients, evaluating not only the organoleptic properties of ONS but also the influence of all factors directly or indirectly affecting adherence to nutritional supplements