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1.
Surg Endosc ; 38(2): 499-510, 2024 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38148404

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC) offer a diagnostic and therapeutic alternative with an improved optical resolution over conventional techniques; however, there are no standardized clinical practice guidelines for this technology. This evidence-based guideline from the Colombian Association of Digestive Endoscopy (ACED) intends to support patients, clinicians, and others in decisions about using in adults the SOC compared to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), to diagnose indeterminate biliary stricture and to manage difficult biliary stones. METHODS: ACED created a multidisciplinary guideline panel balanced to minimize potential bias from conflicts of interest. Universidad de los Andes and the Colombia Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Network supported the guideline-development process, updating and performing systematic evidence reviews. The panel prioritized clinical questions and outcomes according to their importance for clinicians and patients. The GRADE approach was used, including GRADE Evidence-to-Decision frameworks. RESULTS: The panel agreed on one recommendation for adult patients with indeterminate biliary strictures and one for adult patients with difficult biliary stones when comparing SOC versus ERCP. CONCLUSION: For adult patients with indeterminate biliary strictures, the panel made a conditional recommendation for SOC with stricture pattern characterization over ERCP with brushing and/or biopsy for sensitivity, specificity, and procedure success rate outcomes. For the adult patients with difficult biliary stones the panel made conditional recommendation for SOC over ERCP with large-balloon dilation of papilla. Additional research is required on economic estimations of SOC and knowledge translation evaluations to implement SOC intervention in local contexts.


Subject(s)
Cholestasis , Gallstones , Adult , Humans , Catheterization/methods , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/methods , Cholestasis/diagnosis , Cholestasis/etiology , Cholestasis/surgery , Constriction, Pathologic/diagnosis , Constriction, Pathologic/etiology , Constriction, Pathologic/surgery , Gallstones/diagnosis , Gallstones/diagnostic imaging
2.
J Intellect Disabil ; 26(3): 800-807, 2022 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33998336

ABSTRACT

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) has a classic phenotype, however its expression can be variable among full mutation males. This is secondary to variable methylation mosaicisms and the number of CGG triplet repeats in the non-coding region of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, producing a variable expression of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). Here we report a family with several individuals affected by FXS: a boy with a hypermethylated FMR1 mutation and a classic phenotype; a man with an FMR1 gene mosaicism in the range of premutation (PM) and full mutation (FM), who has a mild phenotype due to which FXS was initially disregarded; and the cases of four women with a FM and mosaicism. This report highlights the importance of DNA molecular testing for the diagnosis of FXS in patients with developmental delay, intellectual disability and/or autism due to the variable phenotype that occurs in individuals with FMR1 mosaicisms.


Subject(s)
Fragile X Syndrome , Intellectual Disability , Female , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/metabolism , Fragile X Syndrome/complications , Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Humans , Intellectual Disability/complications , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Male , Mosaicism , Mutation , Phenotype
3.
J Family Reprod Health ; 15(2): 130-135, 2021 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34721603

ABSTRACT

Objective: To evidence the need for screening fragile X syndrome (FXS) in egg donors in assisted reproduction protocols. Case report : This is the report of a boy with FXS who inherited the mutated allele from an ovule donated by the mother´s sister through an assisted reproduction protocol. Identifying premutation (PM) carriers of FXS amongst gamete donors isn't part of the obligatory genetic analysis for donors and is only considered by most of the in vitro fertility societies and guidelines as part of the extension screening tests. Conclusion: It is cost-effective to do pre-conceptional screening for the PM or full mutation (FM) of the FMR1 gene affected in FXS in every woman undergoing assisted reproductive methods, including gamete donors even without a positive family history of intellectual disabilities. This case supports the need of rethinking the guidelines on the necessary gamete donor screening tests in assisted reproduction protocols.

4.
J Dev Behav Pediatr ; 41(9): 724-728, 2020 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32947579

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked genetic disorder caused by the absence of the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein. FXS is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Approximately 60% of subjects with FXS present with ASD, and 2% to 4% of individuals diagnosed with ASD have FXS. Most individuals with ASD have a genetic disorder, so detailed molecular testing of individuals with ASD is medically indicated. Deletions of the protein patched homolog 1 antisense (PTCHD1-AS) gene have been associated with ASD. Here, we describe, for the first time, a boy with FXS because of a point mutation in the FMR1 gene and autism, and the latter comorbidity of ASD is likely because of a deletion of PTCHD1-AS. Thus, the observed phenotype of FXS with severe autism symptoms is likely caused by a double hit of genetic mutations. CASE PRESENTATION: The case is a 5-year-old boy with phenotypic characteristics of FXS. The psychological assessment based on parent report and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition identified severe difficulties on every item of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnostic criteria for ASD, with language impairment, anxiety, attention, and affective problems. Exome sequencing identified a de novo pathogenic variant in the FMR1 gene c.229delT (p.Cys77Alafs*5) and, coupled with comparative genomic hybridization, also diagnosed a maternally inherited partial deletion of the PTCHD1-AS gene. CONCLUSION: Fragile X syndrome presents with clinical features in virtually all affected men, predominantly intellectual disability. However, there are other comorbidities present in a subset of patients, including ASD. We propose that the variable expressivity in FXS could be partially explained by the additive effect of a second genetic mutation that increases the individual susceptibility to the unique phenotypic findings, as is the case of the patient described here.


Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder , Fragile X Syndrome , Intellectual Disability , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Child, Preschool , Comparative Genomic Hybridization , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Humans , Male , Patched-1 Receptor
5.
J Hum Genet ; 63(4): 509-516, 2018 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29379191

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disabilities and autism. The reported prevalence of the full mutation (FM) gene FMR1 in the general population is 0.2-0.4 per 1000 males and 0.125-0.4 per 1000 females. Population screening for FMR1 expanded alleles has been performed in newborns and in an adult population. However, it has never been carried out in an entire town. Ricaurte is a Colombian district with 1186 habitants, with a high prevalence of FXS, which was first described by cytogenetic techniques in 1999. METHODS: Using a PCR-based approach, screening for FXS was performed on blood spot samples obtained from 926 (502 males and 424 females) inhabitants from Ricaurte, accounting for 78% of total population. RESULTS: A high prevalence of carriers of the expanded allele was observed in all FXS mutation categories. Using the Bayesian methods the carrier frequency of FM was 48.2 (95% Credibility Region CR: 36.3-61.5) per 1000 males and 20.5 (95% CR:13.5-28.6) per 1000 females; the frequency of premutation carrier was 14.1 (95% RC: 8.0-21.7) per 1000 males (95% RC: 8.0-21.7 per 1000 males) and 35.9 (95% RC: 26.5-46.2) per 1000 for females (95% RC: 26.5-46.2 per 1000 females), and gray zone carrier was 13.4 (95% RC: 7.4-20.7) per 1000 males (95% RC: 7.4-20.7 per 1000 males) and 42.2 (95% RC: 32.2-53.8) per 1000 for females (95% RC: 32.2-53.8 per 1000 females). Differences in carrier frequencies were observed for premutation and FM alleles between natives and non-natives. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that in Ricaurte the carrier frequencies of FMR1 expanded alleles (premutations and FMs) are higher than those reported in the literature, suggesting that Ricaurte constitutes a genetic cluster of FXS.


Subject(s)
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/epidemiology , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Gene Frequency , Heterozygote , Mutation , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alleles , Child , Child, Preschool , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Founder Effect , Genetic Testing , Geography , Humans , Infant , Male , Mass Screening , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Population Surveillance , Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion , Trinucleotide Repeats , Young Adult
6.
Rev. colomb. cardiol ; 23(5): 443-452, sep.-oct. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-959908

ABSTRACT

Resumen El síndrome de deleción 22q11 consiste en una agrupación variable de características fenotípicas secundarias a la pérdida del material genético localizado en la banda 22q11.2. El espectro de deleción del 22q11 abarca varios síndromes, antes considerados independientes pero hoy relacionados con la misma etiología, con anomalías superpuestas incluyendo el síndrome de DiGeorge y el síndrome velocardiofacial, entre otros. Se trata de un síndrome pleiotrópico incluyendo: alteraciones en los sistemas cardiaco e inmunológico, dificultades en el aprendizaje y malformaciones del paladar entre las afecciones más comunes. Se hizo una revisión de: la base embriológica de las malformaciones congénitas cardiacas, la epidemiología, la genética, la fisiopatología y los aspectos clínicos en el manejo de esta enfermedad. Dado que esta enfermedad rara es potencialmente una causa importante pero ignorada de morbimortalidad en Colombia, se propone también una estrategia para su búsqueda activa y se discuten aspectos relacionados con su diagnóstico.


Abstract The 22q11 deletion syndrome is characterized by a variable group of phenotypic features secondary to the loss of genetic material located on the band 22q11.2. Its spectrum covers multiple syndromes, previously considered independent but nowadays related to the same etiology with overlapping anomalies, including DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. It presents alterations in the immune and cardiac systems, neurodevelopment and palatal defects amongst the most common problems. This article is a review of the embryologic basis for the congenital heart defects, epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology and clinical aspects of this disease. This is a rare disease but is a potentially underdiagnosed cause of morbidity and mortality in Colombia, for which a strategy for its active search is also proposed and diagnostic aspects are discussed.


Subject(s)
Genetics , Congenital Abnormalities , Algorithms , Embryology , 22q11 Deletion Syndrome , Genotype
7.
Iatreia ; 29(3): 323-333, jul. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-834654

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de esta revisión es evidenciar el potencial de los micro-RNA (mi-RNA) como biomarcadores en diferentes enfermedades. Los mi-RNA son ácidos nucleicos de ≈ 22 nucleótidos que regulan la traducción de RNA mensajeros (mRNA) codificantes y producen una regulación postranscripcional de la expresión génica. La mayoría de ellos son altamente conservados y tienen una distribución tisular específica, de manera que juegan un papel importante como reguladores de la función celular y la fisiopatología de los diferentes órganos del cuerpo humano. Los mi-RNA surgen como candidatos para ser biomarcadores debido a que se han encontrado cambios en su expresión en diversas enfermedades (cáncer, daño hepático y cardiopatías), con alteración de sus niveles en plasma suero, orina y saliva. Sin embargo, aunque algunos presentan consistencia en su perfil de expresión, otros han sido reportados como posibles candidatos para más de una enfermedad, lo que limita su especificidad y su utilidad diagnóstica. Es pertinente hacer nuevos estudios que ahonden sobre su significado en procesos patológicos y sobre su papel como posibles biomarcadores.


The objective of this review is to evidence the potential of micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs) as possible diagnostic biomarkers in different diseases. Micro-RNAs are nucleic acids of 22 nucleotides that regulate the translation of coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and produce a post-transcriptional regulation of genetic expression. Most mi-RNAs are highly conserved and show a tissue-specific distribution; therefore, they play an important role in the regulation of cell function and the physiopathology of different organs. Micro-RNAs emerge as potential candidates for biomarkers due to the changes in their levels of expression in different situations (cancer, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases) and in fluids such as plasma, serum, urine and saliva. However, although some mi-RNAs have a consistent expression profile, others have been reported as possible biomarkers for more than one disease, thus limiting their specificity and usefulness as diagnostic tools. Further studies are important to define the significance of mi-RNAs in pathologic processes and their role as possible biomarkers.


O objetivo desta revisão é evidenciar o potencial dos micro-RNA (mi-RNA) como bio-marcadores em diferentes doenças. Os mi-RNA são ácidos nucleicos de ≈ 22 nucleótidos que regulam a tradução de RNA mensageiros (mRNA) codificantes e produzem uma regulação pós-transcripcional da expressão génica. A maioria desses são altamente conservados e tem uma distribuição tissular específica, de maneira que jogam um papel importante como reguladores da função celular e a fisiopatologia dos diferentes órgãos do corpo humano. Os mi-RNA surgem como candidatos para ser bio-marcadores devido a que se hão encontrado câmbios em sua expressão em diversas doenças (câncer, dano hepático e cardiopatias), com alteração de seus níveis em plasma, soro, urina e saliva. Embora, ainda alguns apresentam consistência em seu perfil de expressão, outros hão sido reportados como possíveis candidatos para mais de uma doença, o que limita sua especificidade e sua utilidade diagnóstica. É pertinente fazer novos estudos que abondem sobre seu significado em processos patológicos e sobre seu papel como possível bio-marcadores.


Subject(s)
Humans , Heart Diseases , Liver Diseases , MicroRNAs , Neoplasms , Nucleic Acids , Biomarkers , Hepatitis
8.
Rev. colomb. obstet. ginecol ; 67(1): 36-49, ene.-mar.2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-785395

ABSTRACT

Aportar al ginecólogo herramientas para la identificación de pacientes con riesgo de síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama y ovario (SCHMO), y brindar consejería en el manejo preventivo de pacientes con este síndrome.Materiales y métodos: a partir de un caso hipotético se formulan preguntas relacionadas con el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de mama y ovario en pacientes con SCHMO. Para responder estas preguntas se realizó una revisión de la literatura pertinente en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, ScienceDirect y SciELO. Se utilizaron los términos MESH "Síndrome de cáncer de mama y ovario hereditario", "Neoplasias ováricas", "Neoplasias de la mama", "Genes BRCA1", "Genes BRCA2" y su equivalente en inglés. Los resultados se restringieron a artículos publicados entre el 2005 y 2015.Resultados: a través de la búsqueda en PubMed se obtuvieron 56 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 45. En ScienceDirect y SciELO se encontraron 7 artículos. Además, se incluyeron 4 artículos de fuentes no ligadas a estas bases de datos.Conclusiones: el ginecoobstetra debe identificar pacientes con riesgo de presentar el síndrome de cáncer hereditario de mama y ovario, y explicar a los pacientes la importancia de la realización de las pruebas moleculares de los genes BRCA1 y BRCA2 y de participar en equipos multidisciplinarios que además deben incluir al genetista, cirujano, los oncólogos y al paciente para la toma de decisiones médicas de acuerdo con los resultados moleculares...


To provide gynaecologists with tools for the identification of patients at risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) and present advise regarding the preventive management of patients with this syndrome.Materials and methods: Questions were asked in relation to the risk of patients with HBOC developing breast and ovarian cancer. To answer those questions, a review of the relevant literature was conducted in the Medline database via PubMed, and in ScienceDirect and SciELO. The MESH terms used were Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome, Ovarian Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms, BRCA1 Genes, BRCA2 Genes, and their equivalent in English. Results were limited to articles published between 2005 and 2015.Results: Overall, 56 articles were found in PubMed, of which 45 were selected. The search in ScienceDirect and SciELO resulted in 7 articles. Additionally, 4 articles from other sources not linked to these data bases were also included.Conclusions: Obstetric gynaecologists must identify patients at risk of presenting Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome, and explain to the patients the importance of performing molecular testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes; and they must participate in multi-disciplinary teams consisting also of geneticists, surgeons, oncologists and patients for medical decision-making in accordance with the molecular results...


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Breast Neoplasms , Genes, BRCA1 , Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome , Ovarian Neoplasms
9.
Neurotoxicology ; 53: 141-147, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26802682

ABSTRACT

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a CGG expansion in the FMR1 gene located at Xq27.3. Patients with the premutation in FMR1 present specific clinical problems associated with the number of CGG repeats (55-200 CGG repeats). Premutation carriers have elevated FMR1 mRNA expression levels, which have been associated with neurotoxicity potentially causing neurodevelopmental problems or neurological problems associated with aging. However, cognitive impairments or neurological problems may also be related to increased vulnerability of premutation carriers to neurotoxicants, including phenobarbital. Here we present a study of three sisters with the premutation who were exposed differentially to phenobarbital therapy throughout their lives, allowing us to compare the neurological effects of this drug in these patients.


Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/genetics , Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Nervous System Diseases/genetics , Trinucleotide Repeats/genetics , Cognition Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , DNA Mutational Analysis , Family Health , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Middle Aged , Nervous System Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy , Phenobarbital/therapeutic use , RNA, Messenger/metabolism
10.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 31(3): 335-341, jul.-sep. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-776241

ABSTRACT

El síndrome de temblor y ataxia asociado al síndrome del cromosoma X frágil (FXTAS) es un desorden neurodegenerativoprogresivo (1), de inicio tardío, que ocurre entre los portadores de la premutación del gen FMR1(Fragile X Mental Retardation 1), el cual está estrechamente asociado con el síndrome del cromosoma X frágil(FXS). El FXTAS se caracteriza por déficits neurológicos que incluyen temblor de intención progresivo, ataxiacerebelosa, parkinsonismo, neuropatía periférica, déficits cognitivos y disfunción autonómica (2-4).El FXTAS surge como una importante opción diagnóstica en hombres con temblor, alteraciones en la marchay síntomas neurodegenerativos. En general existe subregistro de esta patología dado que es un síndrome recientementedescrito y falta conocimiento de los profesionales de salud al respecto, los cuales, debido a la similitudde su presentación clínica con otros desórdenes neurológicos, generalmente suelen confundir el diagnóstico (5).En Colombia no se ha documentado la prevalencia de SXF o de FXTAS. Sin embargo, se ha descrito un corregimientoen el Valle del Cauca que tiene una prevalencia de más de cien veces lo reportado en la literatura deSFX, lo que nos sugiere que en Colombia existe subregistro del SFX y de FXTAS.Esta revisión tiene por objeto difundir los avances del conocimiento de las manifestaciones clínicas, la neurofisiopatologíay las posibilidades de tratamiento de los pacientes con FXTAS, y así aumentar diagnóstico yaportar a mejorar la calidad de vida de los afectados y de sus familias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ataxia , Tremor
11.
Colomb. med ; 45(4): 190-198, Oct.-Dec. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-747587

ABSTRACT

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disease due to a CGG trinucleotide expansion, named full mutation (greater than 200 CGG repeats), in the FMR1 gene locus Xq27.3; which leads to an hypermethylated region in the gene promoter therefore silencing it and lowering the expression levels of FMRP, a protein involved in synaptic plasticity and maturation. Individuals with FXS present with intellectual disability, autism, hyperactivity, long face, large or prominent ears and macroorchidism at puberty and thereafter. Most of the young children with FXS will present with language delay, sensory hyper arousal and anxiety. Girls are less affected than boys, only 25% have intellectual disability. Given the genomic features of the syndrome, there are patients with a number of triplet repeats between 55 and 200, known as premutation (PM) carriers. Most carriers have a normal IQ but some have developmental problems. The diagnosis of FXS has evolved from karyotype with special culture medium, to molecular techniques that are more sensitive and specific including PCR and Southern Blot. During the last decade, the advances in the knowledge of FXS, has led to the development of investigations on pharmaceutical management or targeted treatments for FXS. Minocycline and sertraline have shown efficacy in children.


El Síndrome de X Frágil (SXF), es una enfermedad genética debida a una expansión del trinucleótido CGG, nombrada mutación completa (más de 200 repeticiones de CGG) en el gen FMR1, locus Xq27.3; la cual lleva a una hipermetilación de la región promotora del gen, silenciándolo y disminuyendo los niveles de expresión de la proteína FMRP relacionada con la plasticidad y maduración neuronal. Los individuos con SXF presentan retardo mental, autismo, hiperactividad, cara alargada, orejas grandes o prominentes y macroorquidismo desde la pubertad. La mayoría de niños con SXF presentan retraso en el lenguaje, hiperactivación sensorial y ansiedad. Las niñas se afectan menos que los varones, solo el 25% presenta retardo mental. Dadas las características genómicas del síndrome, existen pacientes con un número de repetición de la tripleta entre 55 y 200 que se denominan portadores de la premutación. La mayoría de los portadores tienen un coeficiente intelectual normal, pero presentan problemas en el desarrollo. El diagnóstico en SXF ha evolucionado del cariotipo con medio especial de cultivo, a pruebas moleculares más sensibles y específicas incluyendo PCR y Southern blot. Durante la última década, los avances en el conocimiento sobre el SXF han permitido el desarrollo de investigaciones sobre el manejo farmacológico o tratamientos específicos para el SXF. La minociclina y la sertralina han demostrado eficacia en niños.

12.
Colomb Med (Cali) ; 45(4): 190-8, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25767309

ABSTRACT

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disease due to a CGG trinucleotide expansion, named full mutation (greater than 200 CGG repeats), in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene locus Xq27.3; which leads to an hypermethylated region in the gene promoter therefore silencing it and lowering the expression levels of the fragile X mental retardation 1, a protein involved in synaptic plasticity and maturation. Individuals with FXS present with intellectual disability, autism, hyperactivity, long face, large or prominent ears and macroorchidism at puberty and thereafter. Most of the young children with FXS will present with language delay, sensory hyper arousal and anxiety. Girls are less affected than boys, only 25% have intellectual disability. Given the genomic features of the syndrome, there are patients with a number of triplet repeats between 55 and 200, known as premutation carriers. Most carriers have a normal IQ but some have developmental problems. The diagnosis of FXS has evolved from karyotype with special culture medium, to molecular techniques that are more sensitive and specific including PCR and Southern Blot. During the last decade, the advances in the knowledge of FXS, has led to the development of investigations on pharmaceutical management or targeted treatments for FXS. Minocycline and sertraline have shown efficacy in children.


El Síndrome de X Frágil (SXF), es una enfermedad genética debida a una expansión del trinucleótido CGG, nombrada mutación completa (más de 200 repeticiones de CGG) en el locus Xq27.3 del gen X fragil de retardo mental; la cual lleva a una hipermetilación de la región promotora del gen, silenciándolo y disminuyendo los niveles de expresión de la proteína X frágil de retardo mental 1, relacionada con la plasticidad y maduración neuronal. Los individuos con SXF presentan retardo mental, autismo, hiperactividad, cara alargada, orejas grandes o prominentes y macroorquidismo desde la pubertad. La mayoría de niños con SXF presentan retraso en el lenguaje, hiperactivación sensorial y ansiedad. Las niñas se afectan menos que los varones, solo el 25% presenta retardo mental. Dadas las características genómicas del síndrome, existen pacientes con un número de repetición de la tripleta entre 55 y 200 que se denominan portadores de la premutación. La mayoría de los portadores tienen un coeficiente intelectual normal, pero presentan problemas en el desarrollo. El diagnóstico en SXF ha evolucionado del cariotipo con medio especial de cultivo, a pruebas moleculares más sensibles y específicas incluyendo PCR y Southern blot. Durante la última década, los avances en el conocimiento sobre el SXF han permitido el desarrollo de investigaciones sobre el manejo farmacológico o tratamientos específicos para el SXF. La minociclina y la sertralina han demostrado eficacia en niños.


Subject(s)
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Animals , Blotting, Southern , Child , DNA Methylation/genetics , Female , Fragile X Syndrome/diagnosis , Fragile X Syndrome/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Mutation , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics , Sex Factors , Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion/genetics
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