Significados, concepções e experiências de enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família de Belo Horizonte frente ao abuso infantil: teorização sobre a não notificação / Meanings, conceptions, and experiences of nurses from the Family Health Strategy from Beautiful Horizon when faced with child abuse: theorization of non-reporting

O abuso infantil tem sido considerado um problema de saúde pública entre crianças e adolescentes sendo reconhecido, cada vez mais como uma questão social complexa e endêmica. Os profissionais da saúde desenvolvem um papel fundamental no combate ao abuso infantil, porém o padrão encontrado na atuação dos enfermeiros diante de casos de abuso infantil sugere a existência de dificuldades e barreiras, indicando uma alta prevalência de comportamento de não-notificação entre esses profissionais. Nesse contexto, este estudo objetivou compreender os significados, concepções e experiências de enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de Belo Horizonte frente ao abuso infantil, bem como, construir teorização sobre o comportamento de não notificação. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo baseado no referencial metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD) e teórico do Interacionismo Simbólico (IS). A seleção dos participantes (enfermeiros) se deu de forma intencional e paralelamente foi utilizada a técnica "snowball", na qual cada profissional entrevistado indicou outro para participar do estudo, possibilitando a definição da amostragem por referência. Foram realizadas 14 entrevistas intensivas com enfermeiros que atuam na ESF de nove Centros de Saúde de Belo Horizonte. A coleta e a categorização dos dados ocorreram simultaneamente segundo a TFD e a partir do processo de análise emergiram quatro categorias principais. A categoria "Concepção de abuso infantil", segundo os enfermeiros, é um assunto difícil de ser tratado, sendo associado à violação dos direitos da criança. A "Concepção sobre a notificação" dos enfermeiros da ESF evidenciou confusão teórica entre os termos notificação e denúncia, o que em parte, pode explicar o comportamento de não notificação. A categoria "Comunicação entre os profissionais e os órgãos de apoio" sugere que, a comunicação geralmente ocorre por meio de uma assistente social, sendo a atuação desta, para a maioria dos participantes, mais efetiva que a do conselho tutelar. "Barreiras e Facilitadores" incluem medo e alta demanda dos profissionais, o que pode dificultar a identificação e notificação do abuso. Treinamento, capacitação e reuniões da ESF foram identificados como possíveis fatores facilitadores para a notificação. Das conexões entre as categorias emergentes e suas relações construiu-se a "Teoria do comportamento de não notificação entre enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família". Entender as experiências, concepções e comportamentos dos enfermeiros frente ao abuso infantil, permitiu identificar ações que ainda precisam ser realizadas para que o propósito da notificação se cumpra, uma vez que estes profissionais desempenham um papel fundamental no cuidado das crianças e no combate ao abuso infantil.

Child abuse has been recognized as a complex and endemic social issue, and a public health problem among children and adolescents. Healthcare professionals play a pivotal role in addressing child abuse. However, the patterns observed in the actions of nurses when dealing with cases of child abuse suggest the existence of difficulties and barriers, suggesting a high prevalence of non-reporting behavior among these professionals. In this context, this study aimed at understanding the meanings, conceptions, and experiences of nurses from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Belo Horizonte regarding child abuse, as well as to construct a theory about non-reporting behavior. This is a qualitative study based on the methodological framework of Grounded Theory (GT) and the theoretical framework of Symbolic Interactionism (SI). The participants (nurses) were selected in an intentional manner, and the snowball technique was also used, which each interviewed professional indicated another to participate in the study, allowing for reference-based sampling. Fourteen intensive interviews were conducted with nurses working in the FHS of nine Health Centers in Belo Horizonte. Data collection and categorization occurred simultaneously according to GT, and four main categories emerged from the analysis process. The category "Conception of child abuse" suggests that nurses find it difficult to address this issue, as it is associated with the violation of children's rights. The category "Conception of reporting" revealed theoretical confusion among FHS nurses regarding the terms "reporting" and "denunciation," which may partly explain the non-reporting behavior. The category "Communication between professionals and support agencies" suggests that communication usually occurs through a social worker, and most participants perceived the social worker's actions as more effective than those of the child protective services. The category "Barriers and Facilitators" includes fear and high workload, which can jeopardize the identification and reporting of abuse. Training, and FHS meetings were identified as potential facilitators for reporting. By analyzing the connections between the emerging categories and their relationships, the "Theory of non-reporting behavior among nurses in the Family Health Strategy" was developed. Understanding nurses' experiences, conceptions, and behaviors regarding child abuse allowed for the identification of actions that still need to be taken to fulfill the purpose of reporting, as these professionals play a fundamental role in caring for children and combating child abuse.

Enhanced Analgesic Effects and Gastrointestinal Safety of a Novel, Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Anti-Inflammatory Drug (ATB-352): A Role for Endogenous Cannabinoids.

Aims: The covalent linking of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing moiety has been shown to dramatically reduce gastrointestinal (GI) damage and bleeding, as well as increase anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency. We have tested the hypothesis that an H2S-releasing derivative of ketoprofen (ATB-352) would exhibit enhanced efficacy without significant GI damage in a mouse model of allodynia/hyperalgesia. Results: ATB-352 was significantly more potent and effective as an analgesic than ketoprofen and did not elicit GI damage. Pretreatment with an antagonist of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (AM251) significantly reduced the analgesic effects of ATB-352. The CB1 antagonist exacerbated GI damage when coadministered with ketoprofen, but GI damage was not induced by the combination of ATB-352 and the CB1 antagonist. In vitro, ATB-352 was substantially more potent than ketoprofen as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase, consistent with a contribution of endogenous cannabinoids to the analgesic effects of this drug. Blood anandamide levels were significantly depressed by ketoprofen, but remained unchanged after treatment with ATB-352. Innovation: Ketoprofen is a potent analgesic, but its clinical use, even in the short term, is significantly limited by its propensity to cause significant ulceration and bleeding in the GI tract. Covalently linking an H2S-releasing moiety to ketoprofen profoundly reduces the GI toxicity of the drug, while boosting analgesic effectiveness. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a marked enhancement of the potency and effectiveness of ATB-352, an H2S-releasing derivative of ketoprofen, in part, through the involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid system. This may have significant advantages for the control and management of pain, such as in a postoperative setting.