Fallas humanas y accidentes de trabajo: una contribución de las investigaciones en prevención, control de los riesgos y accidentes / Human errors and accidents at work: contribution of accident investigations in the prevention and control of risks

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de contribuir en el control de accidentes de trabajo, esta investigación busca analizar si el estudio de los errores humanos en investigaciones de accidentes contribuye en las acciones para el control y reducción de accidentes de trabajo en una planta de sacrificios. El método de análisis utilizado fue la evaluación de los tipos de erro res humanos a través de una secuencia de preguntas donde hay siempre dos opciones de respuestas -sí o no- y conforme el trazado de las respuestas se crea un algoritmo que permite la detección del error. Los mayores porcentajes de errores fueron evidenciados en dos gru pos, órdenes de los supervisores y procedimientos inadecuados. Al contrario al resultado encontrado en el estudio, las acciones de segu ridad del trabajo están enfocadas en condiciones que no contribuyen en la prevención y control de los riesgos. Se puede concluir que la herramienta de análisis de riesgos utilizada por la empresa, además de despreciar el análisis de los errores huma nos, no soluciona de forma adecuada las causas ni las acciones levantadas en la investigación del accidente.

ABSTRACT In order to contribute to the control of industrial accidents this research seeks to analyze the study of human error in accident inves tigations contributes in actions for the control and reduction of accidents in a poultry slaughterhouse. The method of analysis was used to assess the types of human errors through a series of questions in which there are always two choices of answers, with a yes or no and as the way of answers creates an algorithm for error detection. The largest percentages of errors were found in two groups, the supervisor order and inadequate procedures. Contrary to the results found in the study, the work safety actions are focused on conditions that do not contribute to the prevention and control of risks. It can be concluded that the risk analysis tool used by the company in addition to neglecting the analysis of human error, does not address properly the causes and actions raised in the investigation of the accident.

Two genomic regions contribute disproportionately to geographic differentiation in wild barley.

Genetic differentiation in natural populations is driven by geographic distance and by ecological or physical features within and between natural habitats that reduce migration. The primary population structure in wild barley differentiates populations east and west of the Zagros Mountains. Genetic differentiation between eastern and western populations is uneven across the genome and is greatest on linkage groups 2H and 5H. Genetic markers in these two regions demonstrate the largest difference in frequency between the primary populations and have the highest informativeness for assignment to each population. Previous cytological and genetic studies suggest there are chromosomal structural rearrangements (inversions or translocations) in these genomic regions. Environmental association analyses identified an association with both temperature and precipitation variables on 2H and with precipitation variables on 5H.

Resequencing data indicate a modest effect of domestication on diversity in barley: a cultigen with multiple origins.

The levels of diversity and extent of linkage disequilibrium in cultivated species are largely determined by diversity in their wild progenitors. We report a comparison of nucleotide sequence diversity in wild and cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum and ssp. vulgare) at 7 nuclear loci totaling 9296bp, using sequence from Hordeum bulbosum to infer the ancestral state of mutations. The sample includes 36 accessions of cultivated barley, including 23 landraces (cultivated forms not subject to modern breeding) and 13 cultivated lines and genetic stocks compared to either 25 or 45 accessions of wild barley for the same loci. Estimates of nucleotide sequence diversity indicate that landraces retain >80% of the diversity in wild barley. The primary population structure in wild barley, which divides the species into eastern and western populations, is reflected in significant differentiation at all loci in wild accessions and at 3 of 7 loci in landraces. "Oriental" landraces have slightly higher diversity than "Occidental" landraces. Genetic assignment suggests more admixture from Occidental landraces into Oriental landraces than the converse, which may explain this difference. Based on θπ for silent sites, modern western cultivars have ~73% of the diversity found in landraces and ~71% of the diversity in wild barley.

Barley whole exome capture: a tool for genomic research in the genus Hordeum and beyond.

Advanced resources for genome-assisted research in barley (Hordeum vulgare) including a whole-genome shotgun assembly and an integrated physical map have recently become available. These have made possible studies that aim to assess genetic diversity or to isolate single genes by whole-genome resequencing and in silico variant detection. However such an approach remains expensive given the 5 Gb size of the barley genome. Targeted sequencing of the mRNA-coding exome reduces barley genomic complexity more than 50-fold, thus dramatically reducing this heavy sequencing and analysis load. We have developed and employed an in-solution hybridization-based sequence capture platform to selectively enrich for a 61.6 megabase coding sequence target that includes predicted genes from the genome assembly of the cultivar Morex as well as publicly available full-length cDNAs and de novo assembled RNA-Seq consensus sequence contigs. The platform provides a highly specific capture with substantial and reproducible enrichment of targeted exons, both for cultivated barley and related species. We show that this exome capture platform provides a clear path towards a broader and deeper understanding of the natural variation residing in the mRNA-coding part of the barley genome and will thus constitute a valuable resource for applications such as mapping-by-sequencing and genetic diversity analyzes.

Tracing the geographic origins of weedy Ipomoea purpurea in the southeastern United States.

Ipomoea purpurea (common morning glory) is an annual vine native to Mexico that is well known for its large, showy flowers. Humans have spread morning glories worldwide, owing to the horticultural appeal of morning glory flowers. Ipomoea purpurea is an opportunistic colonizer of disturbed habitats including roadside and agricultural settings, and it is now regarded as a noxious weed in the Southeastern US. Naturalized populations in the Southeastern United States are highly polymorphic for a number of flower color morphs, unlike native Mexican populations that are typically monomorphic for the purple color morph. Although I. purpurea was introduced into the United States from Mexico, little is known about the specific geographic origins of US populations relative to the Mexican source. We use resequencing data from 11 loci and 30 I. purpurea accessions collected from the native range of the species in Central and Southern Mexico and 8 accessions from the Southeastern United States to infer likely geographic origins in Mexico. Based on genetic assignment analysis, haplotype composition, and the degree of shared polymorphism, I. purpurea samples from the Southeastern United States are genetically most similar to samples from the Valley of Mexico and Veracruz State. This supports earlier speculation that I. purpurea in the Southeastern United States was likely to have been introduced by European colonists from sources in Central Mexico.

Nucleotide sequence diversity of floral pigment genes in Mexican populations of Ipomoea purpurea (morning glory) accord with a neutral model of evolution.

The common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) is an annual vine native to Central and Southern Mexico. The genetics of flower color polymorphisms and interactions with the biotic environment have been extensively studied in I. purpurea and in its sister species I. nil. In this study, we examine nucleotide sequence polymorphism in 11 loci, 9 of which are known to participate in a pathway that produces floral pigments. A sample of 30 I. purpurea accessions from the native range of Central and Southern Mexico comprise the data, along with one accession from each of the two sister species I. alba and I. nil. We observe moderate levels of nucleotide sequence polymorphism of ~1%. The ratio of recombination to mutation parameter estimates (ρ/θ) of ~2.5 appears consistent with a mixed-mating system. Ipomoea resequencing data from these genic regions are noteworthy in providing a good fit to the standard neutral model of molecular evolution. The derived silent site frequency spectrum is very close to that predicted by coalescent simulations of a drift-mutation process, and Tajima's D values are not significantly different from expectations under neutrality.