Classification of Adventitious Sounds Combining Cochleogram and Vision Transformers.

Early identification of respiratory irregularities is critical for improving lung health and reducing global mortality rates. The analysis of respiratory sounds plays a significant role in characterizing the respiratory system's condition and identifying abnormalities. The main contribution of this study is to investigate the performance when the input data, represented by cochleogram, is used to feed the Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture, since this input-classifier combination is the first time it has been applied to adventitious sound classification to our knowledge. Although ViT has shown promising results in audio classification tasks by applying self-attention to spectrogram patches, we extend this approach by applying the cochleogram, which captures specific spectro-temporal features of adventitious sounds. The proposed methodology is evaluated on the ICBHI dataset. We compare the classification performance of ViT with other state-of-the-art CNN approaches using spectrogram, Mel frequency cepstral coefficients, constant-Q transform, and cochleogram as input data. Our results confirm the superior classification performance combining cochleogram and ViT, highlighting the potential of ViT for reliable respiratory sound classification. This study contributes to the ongoing efforts in developing automatic intelligent techniques with the aim to significantly augment the speed and effectiveness of respiratory disease detection, thereby addressing a critical need in the medical field.

Recertificación médica en Uruguay: múltiples miradas de una obligación impostergable / Medical recertification in Uruguay: multiple perspectives of an imperative need / Recertificação médica no Uruguai: múltiplas visões de uma obrigação urgente

Resumen: La recertificación es el resultado de un acto por el que una entidad legalmente acreditada, asegura que el profesional médico (previamente certificado) mantiene actualizados sus conocimientos y destrezas, y que ha desarrollado su actividad dentro del marco ético y científico adecuado al progreso del "saber" y del "hacer" propio de su especialidad. A pesar de un largo camino recorrido, en Uruguay no se ha podido establecer un proceso de recertificación universal. Múltiples actores (usuarios del sistema, médicos, Facultad de Medicina, programas de Desarrollo Profesional Médico Continuo) consideran que es una necesidad, sin embargo es necesario vencer algunas barreras para que se establezca un programa de recertificación. Se recorren algunos de estos aspectos en este documento, desarrollados en el contexto de un grupo de trabajo para el Congreso por los 100 años del Sindicato Médico del Uruguay.

Abstract: Recertification is the result of an act by which a legally accredited entity ensures that medical professionals (previously certified) keep their knowledge and skills up to date, and that they have practiced their profession within the ethical and scientific framework that regulates the process that evolves from "knowing" to "knowing how" in their areas of specialization. Despite a long journey in Uruguay, it has not been possible to establish a universal recertification process. Multiple actors (system users, doctors, the School of Medicine, Continuing Medical Professional Development programs) regard it as a need, although some barriers must be overcome in order to define a recertification program. This document covers a few of these aspects and is the result of a working group created for the Congress held in commemoration of the 100 years of the Uruguayan Medical Association.

Resumo: A recertificação é o resultado de um ato pelo qual uma entidade legalmente credenciada garante que o profissional médico (previamente certificado) mantém os seus conhecimentos e competências atualizados, e que desenvolveu a sua atividade dentro do quadro ético e científico adequado ao progresso do "conhecimento" e o "fazer" da sua especialidade. Apesar do longo caminho percorrido no Uruguai, ainda não foi possível estabelecer um processo de recertificação universal. Múltiplos atores (usuários do sistema, médicos, Faculdade de Medicina, programas de Desenvolvimento Continuado do Profissional Médico) consideram isso uma necessidade, porém é necessário superar algumas barreiras para que um programa de recertificação seja estabelecido. Alguns desses aspectos são abordados neste documento, desenvolvido no contexto de um grupo de trabalho para o Congresso pelos 100 anos do Sindicato Médico del Uruguay.

Hemodiafiltración en línea como terapia de reemplazo renal crónica. Primera experiencia nacional en el Hospital Universitario / Online haemodiafiltration therapy to treat chronic kidney disease. First national experience in the university hospital / Hemodiafiltração on line como terapia de substituição da função renal crônica. Primeira experiência nacional no hospital universitário

Resumen: La enfermedad renal crónica tiene una prevalencia estimada de 6,5% a 8% en los adultos mayores de 18 años en Uruguay. A pesar de los esfuerzos por realizar un diagnóstico temprano y retrasar su progresión un porcentaje de pacientes requiere terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR) mediante diálisis, con una tasa de incidencia anual de 166 pacientes/millón de población. A pesar de las mejoras en el cuidado nefrológico y en las técnicas de hemodiálisis, la mortalidad anual de los pacientes en esta técnica es elevada en nuestro país (16,5%) y en todo el mundo. Con el objetivo de mejorar estos aspectos se han ensayado técnicas dialíticas que asocian la convección como estrategia para depurar moléculas de mayor tamaño que habitualmente no se depuran en la hemodiálisis convencional. La hemodiafiltración en línea (HDF-OL) es una técnica convectiva. Cuando se utiliza como TRR crónica se asocia a una reducción de la mortalidad de 30%-35% comparada con la hemodiálisis convencional. En el año 2014 se instrumentó esta técnica en el Hospital de Clínicas, siendo el centro pionero en el país en contar con ella como TRR crónico. El proceso de implementación implicó cambios de la infraestructura (monitores de diálisis, centro de tratamiento del agua), formación de recursos humanos, cambios en el funcionamiento y controles microbiológicos programados. El control de calidad sistemático y los diferentes estudios realizados en este período de cinco años han mostrado que es una técnica segura, capaz de remover solutos de tamaño medio y de disminuir los requerimientos de eritropoyetina. No se encuentra aún financiada por el sistema de salud, lo que puede constituir una barrera en su difusión a nivel nacional. En el presente trabajo se revisan las características fundamentales de la hemodiafiltración, su beneficio comparado con la hemodiálisis convencional, y el proceso de implementación de la técnica junto con algunos resultados iniciales en el Hospital de Clínicas.

Summary: Chronic kidney disease has an estimated prevalence of 6.5% to 8% in adults older than 18 years old in Uruguay. Despite efforts to make an early diagnosis and delay its progression, a percentage of patients require renal replacement therapy (RRT) with dialysis, the annual incidence rate being 166 patients per million population. Regardless of improvements in nephrology care and hemodialysis techniques, annual mortality ratex for this technique is high in our country (16.5%) and around the world. In order to improve these aspects, different dialysis techniques associating convection as a strategy to purify larger molecules that are rarely purified in conventional hemodialysis have been tried out. Online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is a convective technique. When used as a chronic RRT it is associated to a 30-35% reduction in mortality compared to conventional hemodialysis. In 2014 this technique was introduced in the University Hospital, being it the first center that offered it as chronic renal replacement therapy. The implementation process implied changes in infrastructure (dialysis computer screens, water treatment center), the training of human resources, changes in the operation system and programmed microbiological controls. A systematic quality control and the different studies conducted in this 5-year period have proved it is a safe technique that removes average size solutes and reduces the erythropoietin requirements. This technique is still not funded by the health system, what may result in an obstacle for it to be applied nationally. This study reviews the main features of haemodiafiltration, its benefits when compared to conventional hemodialysis and the process needed to implement the technique, along with initial results in the University Hospital.

Resumo: No Uruguai a doença renal crônica tem uma prevalência estimada de 6.5 a 8% nos adultos maiores de 18 anos. Apesar dos esforços para realizar um diagnóstico precoce e retardar sua progressão uma porcentagem de pacientes requer terapia de substituição da função renal (TSFR) mediante diálise, com uma taxa de incidência anual de 166 pacientes/milhão de habitantes. Independentemente das melhorias na atenção nefrológica e nas técnicas de hemodiálise, a mortalidade anual dos pacientes em tratamento com esta técnica é elevada no Uruguai (16.5%) e no mundo todo. Buscando melhorar esses aspectos foram ensaiadas varias técnicas dialíticas que associam a convecção como estratégia para depurar moléculas de maior tamanho que habitualmente não são depuradas na hemodiálise convencional. A hemodiafiltração on line (HDF-OL) é uma técnica convectiva. Quando é utilizada como TSFR crônica está associada a uma redução da mortalidade de 30-35% comparada com a hemodiálise convencional. Esta técnica foi instrumentada em 2014 no Hospital de Clínicas, sendo este o centro pioneiro no Uruguai em utilizá-la como TSFR crônico. O processo de implementação impôs mudanças na infraestrutura (monitores de diálise, centro de tratamento da água), formação de Recursos Humanos e mudanças no funcionamento e controles microbiológicos programados. O controle de qualidade sistemático e os diferentes estudos realizados neste período de 5 anos mostraram que é uma técnica segura, capaz de remover solutos de tamanho médio e de reduzir os requerimentos de eritropoietina. A atual falta de financiamento pelo sistema de saúde pode ser uma barreira para sua difusão no país. Neste trabalho faz-se uma revisão das características fundamentais da hemodiafiltração, seu beneficio comparado com a hemodiálise convencional, o processo de implementação da técnica e alguns resultados iniciais do Hospital de Clínicas.

Substitution of Oral for Intravenous Cyclophosphamide in Membranous Nephropathy.

Background: Optimal immunosuppressive treatment for membranous nephropathy is still a matter of controversy. Current recommendations include oral cyclophosphamide combined with steroids (modified Ponticelli regimen) as first-line treatment in patients who are high risk. However, concerns about the cumulative toxicity of oral cyclophosphamide persist. In the last 30 years, a protocol based on low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide plus steroids has been used to treat membranous nephropathy in Uruguay. We aimed to assess the efficacy of this regimen to induce clinical remission in patients with membranous nephropathy. Methods: In this retrospective, observational cohort study, we analyzed the outcome of 55 patients with membranous nephropathy treated between 1990 and 2017 with a 6-month course of alternating steroids (months 1, 3, and 5) plus intravenous cyclophosphamide (single dose of 15 mg/kg on the first day of months 2, 4, and 6). Results: At 24 months, 39 (71%) patients achieved clinical response with complete remission observed in 23 patients (42%) and partial remission in 16 (29%). Median time to achieve partial and complete remission was 5.9 and 11.5 months, respectively. Absence of response was observed in 16 patients (29%), five of whom started chronic RRT after a median follow-up of 3.5 years. Clinical relapse occurred in nine of 33 (27%) patients at a median of 34 months after treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: Replacement of oral cyclophosphamide with a single intravenous pulse on months 2, 4, and 6 of the modified Ponticelli regimen can be an effective and safe alternative for treatment of membranous nephropathy. Podcast: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/K360/2020_09_24_KID0002802020.mp3.

Temporal trends in biopsy proven glomerular disease in Uruguay, 1990-2014.

Our aim is to describe variations in the incidence rates of glomerular disease diagnosed by renal biopsies performed in Uruguay over the last 25 years in relation to sex, age, clinical presentation and histological diagnosis. We analyzed all renal biopsies performed in Uruguay during the 25 years period and estimated incidence rates per million people per year (pmp/yr) for the population older than 14 years. Mann Kendall's trend analysis was used to assess incidence trends. In order to identify changes in trends, we compared annual incidence rates with the Joinpoint method. From 1990 to 2014, 3390 biopsies of native kidneys corresponding to glomerular disease were performed in patients older than 14 years. The average biopsy rate was 58 per pmp/yr. The glomerular disease incidence rate increased progressively over the period (p<0.05). Trends analysis over five-year periods demonstrated a progressive increase of IgA nephropathy (3.08 pmp/yr 1990-1994 to 12.53 pmp/yr 2010-2014 p<0.05), membranous nephropathy (2.38 pmp/yr 1990-1994 to 8.04 pmp/yr 2010-2014 p< 0.05) and lupus nephritis (4,23 pmp/yr 1990-1994 to 7,81 pmp/yr 2010-2014 p<0.05). There was a change in the trend of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) which increased until 1996 and decreased afterwards. The incidence rates of glomerular disease have doubled globally in the last quarter of a century in Uruguay, mainly related to the increase of IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and lupus nephritis. There was a change in the slope of the incidence rate of FSGS.

Caracterización de los programas de especialización en nefrología de América Latina / Characterization of nephrology training programs in Latin-America

Objetivo: Caracterizar los componentes curriculares aplicados para la formación de médicos nefrólogos en Latinoamérica. Sujetos y métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluye nueve países latinoamericanos. Se solicitó a cada uno los programas vigentes de especialización en nefrología. Se analizaron diferentes variables curriculares y se adoptó, como marco epistemológico, el modelo de educación médica basada en competencias, y como referencia, las dimensiones del Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) de Estados Unidos. Resultados: Los programas de los nueve países (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, México, Perú y Uruguay) buscan mejorar el perfil del especialista y cubrir demandas sanitarias. Las plazas se adecuan a la capacidad de los centros y los aspirantes se seleccionan por concursos abiertos. Todos contemplan formación de internista como condición de ingreso o dentro del programa, que causa disparidad en cargas horarias. Algunos no explicitan perfil del graduado. El modelo dominante es 'posgrado con residencia', con estructuras y organización heterogéneas. Los contenidos son pertinentes y existe equivalencia en las competencias que se deben desarrollar, que mayoritariamente coinciden con las del ACGME, salvo 'habilidades interpersonales y comunicación' y 'práctica basada en sistemas de salud’, que tienen menor peso. Todos destinan el 75% de la carga horaria para tareas de 'formación en servicio con responsabilidades crecientes bajo supervisión' e incluyen actividades académicas. Las evaluaciones están integradas en el programa con herramientas adecuadas para evaluar competencias. Conclusiones: Se debería unificar el nivel de posgrado y duración, definir claramente las competencias del 'producto que se va a formar', incluir más 'habilidades interpersonales' y 'práctica en sistemas de salud', y establecer actividades de atención primaria de la salud

Aim: To characterized curricular components apply for nephrology medical training in Latin-America. Subjects and methods: Descriptive study including nine countries. It was request to current Nephrology Training Programs. We analized different curricular variables, taking as epistemological hallmark the competence-based medical education and dimensions from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) from USA as reference. Results. Programs from nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay) look to improve the specialist profile and cover sanitary demands. The positions suit the centers capacity and applicants are selected in open competition. The programs include internal medicine training causing disparity in duty hours. Some of them don’t explicit graduate profile. The predominant model is ‘postgraduate course with residency’ with heterogeneous structures and organization. Contents are pertinent and there is equivalence within competences to develop that generally match with ACGME except for 'interpersonal and communication skills' and 'system-based practice' with less impact. All programs destiny 75% of duty hours for clinical practice-based learning with progressive responsibilities under guidance and supervision including academic activities. Evaluations are integrated to the program with adequate tools for competence assessment. Conclusions: Postgraduate level and duration should be unified, defining clearly competences of program’s graduate and establishing primary health care activities into the curriculum

Online Continuing Medical Education for the Latin American Nephrology Community.

A continuing medical education (CME) course was implemented for Latin American nephrologists in 2013. The topic was Immunopathology in native and transplanted kidneys. The course was given in Spanish and Portuguese. The activities included a distance education seven-week asynchronous online modality with multiple educational strategies. Thirty hours of study workload were estimated to complete the course. Four hundred and ninety-eight physicians coming from 18 countries registered for the course; 442 of them participated in it. Of those who participated, 51% received a certificate of completion and 29% a certificate of participation. Sixty-five percent of registrants participated in the case discussions. Eighty-six percent were very satisfied and 13% were satisfied. Lack of time to devote to the course was the main limitation expressed (62%), while Internet access or difficulties in the use of technology were considered by only 12 and 6% of participants, respectively. There was a significant increase in knowledge between before and after the course; the average grade increased from 64 to 83%. In conclusion, technology-enabled education demonstrated potential to become an instrument for Latin American nephrologists.

Hipertensión multifactorial de etiología nefrourológica. A propósito de un caso / Multifactorial hypertension of nephro-urological aetiology. A case study

No disponible

Impacto de la acidosis en la evolución de la cohorte de pacientes del Programade Salud Renal del Uruguay / Impact of acidosis in the evoluton of the patients cohort in the renal health program of Uruguay

Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia de acidosis metabólica en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y su impacto en la evolución. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes del Programa de Salud Renal del Uruguay (octubre de 2004 a octubre de 2011) con dos controles separados porseis o más meses y al menos un dato de bicarbonatemia. Se analizaron: creatininemia, proteinuria, bicarbonatemia venosa y tratamiento alcalinizante. Se consideró evento final el ingreso a diálisis o trasplante y/o fallecimiento. Análisis estadístico: test de t, chi2, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier y análisis multivariado de Cox (significativo p < 0,05). Resultados: se analizaron 921 pacientes con al menos un dato de bicarbonatemia (232 pacientes con dos o más datos). La creatininemia fue mayor en las nefropatías túbulo intersticiales y en los grupos con bicarbonatemia menor a 23 mEq/l(acidosis) o mayor a 32 mEq/l versus grupo intermedio. La bicarbonatemia fue menor en los estadios IV-V versus I-II de ERC. En estadios I-II, la bicarbonatemia fue menor si teníaproteinuria. Recibían alcalinizantes al inicio 7,3% y al final 31%. En el grupo con acidosis, el aumento de creatininemia/año (n = 232) fue mayor y la sobrevida (combinada) fue menor. Los niveles de bicarbonatemia, creatininemia y proteinuria se correlacionaron independientemente con el evento final combinado (ingreso a tratamiento de sustitución renal /muerte). Conclusiones: la acidosis metabólica se puede observardesde estadios iniciales de ERC y es un factor independiente de progresión y muerte, por lo que se recomienda sudetección precoz y corrección.

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease and its impact on the evolution of the condition. Method:we conducted a retrospective study of patients in the Renal Health Program of Uruguay (from October, 2004 through October, 2011) with two controlgroups six months or longer apart, and at least one bicarbonatemia datum. We analysed: creatininemia, proteinuria, venous bicarbonatemia and alcalinizing treatment. The start of dialysis, transplant and/or death wereconsidered final events. Statistical analysis: t test, chi2, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis usingCox method (meaningful p < 0,05).Results: we analyzed 921 patients with at least one bicarbonatemia datum (232 patients with two or more data). Creatininemia was greater in the tubulo-interstitial nephritis and in the groups with bicarbonatemia lower than 23 mEq/l (acidosis) or greater than 32 mEq/l, rather than in the intermediate group. Bicarbonatemia was lower in the IV-V stages than in the I-II stages ofchronic kidney disease. In stages I-II bicarbonatemia was lower in the presence of proteinuria. Seven pointthree percent of patients received alkalinizers at the start, and 31% at the end. In the group with acidosis, increase of creatininemia/year (n = 232) was greater and survival (combined) was lower. Bicarbonatemia, creatininemia and proteinuria levels were independentlycorrelated with the combined final event (entering the renal substitution treatment/death). Conclusions:metabolic acidosis may be observedsince initial stages of the chronic kidney disease and it constitutes an independent factor of progression anddeath. Thus, early detection and correction are advisable.

Objetivo: avaliar a frequência da acidose metabólica na doença renal crônica (DRC) e o impacto desta na evolução dessa patologia. Material e método: um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes do Programa de Saúde Renal do Uruguai no período outubro de 2004 a outubro de 2011, como dois controles separados por seis ou mais meses e com pelo menos um dado de bicarbonatemia foi realizado. Foram analisados: creatininemia, proteinuria, bicarbonatemia venosa e tratamento alcalinizante. Foram consideradoscomo evento final a entrada a tratamento de substituição da função renal (diálise ou transplante) ou morte. A analise estatística foi realizada empregando teste de t, chi-quadrado, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier e análisemultivariado de Cox (significativo p < 0,05). Resultados: foram analisados 921 pacientes compelo menos uma bicarbonatemia, dos quais 232 tinham dois ou mais resultados. A creatininemia foi maior nasnefropatias túbulo intersticiales e nos grupos com bicarbonatemia menor a 23 mEq/l (acidose) ou maior a 32mEq/l comparado com o grupo intermediário. A bicarbonatemia foi menor nos estádios IV-V quando comparados com I-II de DRC. Nos estádios I-II a bicarbonatemia foi menor se havia proteinuria. No inicio 7,3 % receberam alcalinizantes e 31% ao final. No grupo com acidose, o aumento da creatininemia/ano (n=232) foi maiore a sobrevida (combinada) foi menor. Os níveis de bicarbonatemia, creatininemia e proteinuria estavam correlacionados de forma independente com o evento final combinado (ingresso a tratamento de substituição renal/morte). Conclusões: a acidose metabólica pode ser observada desde estádios iniciais da DRC e é um fator independente de progressão e morte, por essa razão se recomenda sua detecção precoce e correção.

Delayed mTOR inhibition with low dose of everolimus reduces TGFß expression, attenuates proteinuria and renal damage in the renal mass reduction model.

BACKGROUND: The immunosuppressive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are widely used in solid organ transplantation, but their effect on kidney disease progression is controversial. mTOR has emerged as one of the main pathways regulating cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of delayed inhibition of mTOR pathway with low dose of everolimus on progression of renal disease and TGFß expression in the 5/6 nephrectomy model in Wistar rats. METHODS: This study evaluated the effects of everolimus (0.3 mg/k/day) introduced 15 days after surgical procedure on renal function, proteinuria, renal histology and mechanisms of fibrosis and proliferation. RESULTS: Everolimus treated group (EveG) showed significantly less proteinuria and albuminuria, less glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage and fibrosis, fibroblast activation cell proliferation, when compared with control group (CG), even though the EveG remained with high blood pressure. Treatment with everolimus also diminished glomerular hypertrophy. Everolimus effectively inhibited the increase of mTOR developed in 5/6 nephrectomy animals, without changes in AKT mRNA or protein abundance, but with an increase in the pAKT/AKT ratio. Associated with this inhibition, everolimus blunted the increased expression of TGFß observed in the remnant kidney model. CONCLUSION: Delayed mTOR inhibition with low dose of everolimus significantly prevented progressive renal damage and protected the remnant kidney. mTOR and TGFß mRNA reduction can partially explain this anti fibrotic effect. mTOR can be a new target to attenuate the progression of chronic kidney disease even in those nephropathies of non-immunologic origin.

Ventilación de alta frecuencia: una opción terapéutica del Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adulto / High-frequency ventilation: a therapeutic option of adult respiratory distress syndrome

El síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adulto es una de las enfermedades nosológicas de mayor gravedad en los pacientes ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se realiza una revisión del uso de la ventilación de alta frecuencia como una opción terapéutica para estos pacientes. Desde hace aproximadamente una década se están utilizando diferentes estrategias ventilatorias en el tratamiento del distrés, como el uso de la presión positiva al final de la espiración y las maniobras de reclutamiento alveolar. La ventilación de alta frecuencia surge como alternativa en el tratamiento de aquellos pacientes donde la ventilación mecánica convencional ha fallado; es una modalidad de ventilación donde se aplican bajo volúmenes tidales y altas frecuencias respiratorias, para lo cual es necesario la utilización de un tipo especial de máquina de ventilación capaz de garantizar altas frecuencias respiratorias. Actualmente la más utilizada es la ventilación oscilatoria de alta frecuencia, sus ventajas principales son requerir menos volumen tidal, niveles de presión. Se puede combinar con técnicas de ventilación prona para lograr mayor efectividad, la mortalidad es menor y se produce menos lesión asociada a la ventilación mecánica. Las complicaciones más frecuentes son el neumotórax, el incremento de los niveles de presión venosa central y de oclusión de la arteria pulmonar con ligera disminución del gasto cardíaco (AU)

Adult respiratory distress syndrome is one of the nosologic diseases most seriousness in patients admitted at intensive care units. A review on the use of high-frequency ventilation as a therapeutic option for these patients was conducted. For approximately one decade different ventilatory strategies are using in the treatment of distress, as the use of positive pressure to the end of the expiration and the maneuvers of alveolar recruitment. High-frequency ventilation arises as alternative in the treatment of those patients where conventional mechanical ventilation has failed; it is a ventilation mode where low tidal volumes and high respiratory frequencies are applied, for which is necessary the use of a special type of ventilation machine able to guarantee high respiratory frequencies. Nowadays the most used is the oscillatory ventilation of high frequency, its main advantages are to require less tidal volume, levels of pressure. It may combine with prone ventilation technique to achieve bigger effectiveness, mortality is smaller and less associated lesion to the mechanical ventilation takes place. The most frequent complications are the pneumothorax, the increment of central venous pressure and occlusion levels of the pulmonary artery with slight decrease of heart output (AU)

Ventilación de alta frecuencia: una opción terapéutica del síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto: [revisión] / High-frequency ventilation: a therapeutic option of adult respiratory distress syndrome: [review]

El síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adulto es una de las enfermedades nosológicas de mayor gravedad en los pacientes ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Se realiza una revisión del uso de la ventilación de alta frecuencia como una opción terapéutica para estos pacientes. Desde hace aproximadamente una década se están utilizando diferentes estrategias ventilatorias en el tratamiento del distrés, como el uso de la presión positiva al final de la espiración y las maniobras de reclutamiento alveolar. La ventilación de alta frecuencia surge como alternativa en el tratamiento de aquellos pacientes donde la ventilación mecánica convencional ha fallado; es una modalidad de ventilación donde se aplican bajo volúmenes tidales y altas frecuencias respiratorias, para lo cual es necesario la utilización de un tipo especial de máquina de ventilación capaz de garantizar altas frecuencias respiratorias. Actualmente la más utilizada es la ventilación oscilatoria de alta frecuencia, sus ventajas principales son requerir menos volumen tidal, niveles de presión. Se puede combinar con técnicas de ventilación prona para lograr mayor efectividad, la mortalidad es menor y se produce menos lesión asociada a la ventilación mecánica. Las complicaciones más frecuentes son el neumotórax, el incremento de los niveles de presión venosa central y de oclusión de la arteria pulmonar con ligera disminución del gasto cardíaco.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome is one of the nosologic diseases most seriousness in patients admitted at intensive care units. A review on the use of high-frequency ventilation as a therapeutic option for these patients was conducted. For approximately one decade different ventilatory strategies are using in the treatment of distress, as the use of positive pressure to the end of the expiration and the maneuvers of alveolar recruitment. High-frequency ventilation arises as alternative in the treatment of those patients where conventional mechanical ventilation has failed; it is a ventilation mode where low tidal volumes and high respiratory frequencies are applied, for which is necessary the use of a special type of ventilation machine able to guarantee high respiratory frequencies. Nowadays the most used is the oscillatory ventilation of high frequency, its main advantages are to require less tidal volume, levels of pressure. It may combine with prone ventilation technique to achieve bigger effectiveness, mortality is smaller and less associated lesion to the mechanical ventilation takes place. The most frequent complications are the pneumothorax, the increment of central venous pressure and occlusion levels of the pulmonary artery with slight decrease of heart output.

Comportamiento del fallo múltiple de órgano en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Behavior of the multiple failure of organ in the intensive care unit

El síndrome de falla multiorgánica es una complicación devastadora con gran mortalidad y morbilidad que a partir de la década del setenta comenzó cobrar fuerza como entidad bien definida. Objetivo: conocer el comportamiento del fallo multiorgánico en la unidad de cuidados Intensivos. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo para determinar el comportamiento de la disfunción multiorgánica. El universo estudiado estuvo representado por cincuenta y tres pacientes los cuales presentaron disfunción multiorgánica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico “Amalia Simoni “de la ciudad de Camagüey, en el período de tiempo comprendido desde el primero de enero de 2006 hasta el treinta y uno de diciembre de 2006. Resultados: el grupo etáreo de mayor mortalidad fue entre sesenta y uno y ochenta años con 100% de mortalidad. La entidad nosológica que estuvo asociada a mayor causa de falla multiorgánica fue la hemorragia intracerebral con 43,4%. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por grupos de edades fue mayor para los situados entre los sesenta y uno y ochenta años de edad con 100%.La hemorragia intracerebral fue la entidad nosológica de mayor frecuencia. Los sistemas más afectados fueron el cardiovascular, renal y el respiratorio. La mayor tasa de letalidad la tuvo la combinación de los sistemas respiratorios, cardiovascular y renal (AU)

The multiorganic failure syndrome is a devastating complication with great mortality and morbidity that it began to gather strength as very defined entity starting from the seventy decade. Objective: to know the behavior of the multiorganic failure in the intensive care unit. Method: a descriptive study to determine the behavior of the multiorganic dysfunction was conducted. The studied universe was represented by fifty-three patients who presented multiorganic dysfunction in the intensive care unit of the Clinical Surgical Hospital "Amalia Simoni" of Camagüey city, from January 1st 2006 to December 31st, 2006. Results: the age group of higher mortality was between sixty-one and eighty years with 100% of mortality. The nosologic entity that was associated to higher cause of multiorganic failure was the intracerebral hemorrhage with 43.4%. Conclusions: the mortality for age groups was bigger for those between the 61 and 80 years of age with 100%. The intracerebral hemorrhage was the nosologic entity of more frequency. The affected systems were the cardiovascular, renal and the breathing one. The biggest lethality rate had it the combination of breathing, cardiovascular and renal systems (AU)

Comportamiento del fallo múltiple de órgano en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Behavior of the multiple failure of organ in the intensive care unit

El síndrome de falla multiorgánica es una complicación devastadora con gran mortalidad y morbilidad que a partir de la década del setenta comenzó cobrar fuerza como entidad bien definida. Objetivo: conocer el comportamiento del fallo multiorgánico en la unidad de cuidados Intensivos. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo para determinar el comportamiento de la disfunción multiorgánica. El universo estudiado estuvo representado por cincuenta y tres pacientes los cuales presentaron disfunción multiorgánica en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico “Amalia Simoni “de la ciudad de Camagüey, en el período de tiempo comprendido desde el primero de enero de 2006 hasta el treinta y uno de diciembre de 2006. Resultados: el grupo etáreo de mayor mortalidad fue entre sesenta y uno y ochenta años con 100% de mortalidad. La entidad nosológica que estuvo asociada a mayor causa de falla multiorgánica fue la hemorragia intracerebral con 43,4%. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por grupos de edades fue mayor para los situados entre los sesenta y uno y ochenta años de edad con 100%.La hemorragia intracerebral fue la entidad nosológica de mayor frecuencia. Los sistemas más afectados fueron el cardiovascular, renal y el respiratorio. La mayor tasa de letalidad la tuvo la combinación de los sistemas respiratorios, cardiovascular y renal.

The multiorganic failure syndrome is a devastating complication with great mortality and morbidity that it began to gather strength as very defined entity starting from the seventy decade. Objective: to know the behavior of the multiorganic failure in the intensive care unit. Method: a descriptive study to determine the behavior of the multiorganic dysfunction was conducted. The studied universe was represented by fifty-three patients who presented multiorganic dysfunction in the intensive care unit of the Clinical Surgical Hospital "Amalia Simoni" of Camagüey city, from January 1st 2006 to December 31st, 2006. Results: the age group of higher mortality was between sixty-one and eighty years with 100% of mortality. The nosologic entity that was associated to higher cause of multiorganic failure was the intracerebral hemorrhage with 43.4%. Conclusions: the mortality for age groups was bigger for those between the 61 and 80 years of age with 100%. The intracerebral hemorrhage was the nosologic entity of more frequency. The affected systems were the cardiovascular, renal and the breathing one. The biggest lethality rate had it the combination of breathing, cardiovascular and renal systems.

Ritmo circadiano en el infarto agudo del miocardio / Circadian rhythm in acute myocardial infarction

Fundamento: Con el avance de las investigaciones en el campo de la cardiología se le atribuye importancia especial al horario de presentación de los síndromes coronarios agudos; ya que se ha demostrado a través de múltiples estudios la relación de estos eventos con el tiempo. Objetivo: Conocer el comportamiento del ritmo circadiano en el infarto agudo del miocardio, así como su probable relación con diversos factores clínicos epidemiológicos, tales como: la edad, el sexo, los factores de riesgo, la efectividad de la terapia trombolítica y la letalidad del evento. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 338 pacientes egresados con este diagnóstico en el Hospital clínico-quirúrgico docente Amalia Simoni de Camagüey entre el 1ro de enero de 2002 y el 31 de diciembre de 2006. Las historias clínicas y los protocolos de necropsias constituyeron la fuente de datos, para su recolección se utilizó un modelo encuesta, después de llenado se convirtió en el registro primario de esta investigación(AU)

Background: With the advance of the investigations in cardiology field is attributed special importance to the time of occurrence of acute coronary syndromes; since it has been demonstrated through multiple studies the relationship of these events with time. Objective: To know the behavior of the circadian rhythm in acute myocardial infarction, as well as its probable relationship with diverse epidemic clinical factors, such as: age, sex, risk factors, the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy and the lethality of the event. Method: A descriptive study in 338 patients discharged from hospital with this diagnosis was conducted at the Amalia Simoni teaching clinical-surgical Hospital of Camagüey from January 1st 2002 and December 31st 2006. Clinical histories and protocols of necropsies constituted the source of data, for its collecting a survey model was used, after having filled in it became into the primary registry of this investigation(AU)

Ritmo circadiano en el infarto agudo del miocardio / Circadian rhythm in acute myocardial infarction

Fundamento: Con el avance de las investigaciones en el campo de la cardiología se le atribuye importancia especial al horario de presentación de los síndromes coronarios agudos; ya que se ha demostrado a través de múltiples estudios la relación de estos eventos con el tiempo. Objetivo: Conocer el comportamiento del ritmo circadiano en el infarto agudo del miocardio, así como su probable relación con diversos factores clínicos epidemiológicos, tales como: la edad, el sexo, los factores de riesgo, la efectividad de la terapia trombolítica y la letalidad del evento. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 338 pacientes egresados con este diagnóstico en el Hospital clínico-quirúrgico docente Amalia Simoni de Camagüey entre el 1ro de enero de 2002 y el 31 de diciembre de 2006. Las historias clínicas y los protocolos de necropsias constituyeron la fuente de datos, para su recolección se utilizó un modelo encuesta, después de llenado se convirtió en el registro primario de esta investigación. Resultados: El 43,20 % de los pacientes presentaron los síntomas entre la 06:00 y las 11.59 h, en los pacientes con antecedentes de ser fumadores, padecer de hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus comenzaron con los síntomas en las primeras horas de la mañana siendo el horario nocturno el más frecuente en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca y antecedentes de infarto agudo del miocardio previos. Conclusiones: El horario de presentación de los síntomas más frecuente fue el de la mañana entre las 06:00-11:59, no se encontraron diferencias en este comportamiento de horario entre ambos sexos y los grupos de edades analizados. De igual forma el horario matutino resultó ser el de mayor letalidad y el de menor respuesta efectiva a la terapéutica trombolítica.

Background: With the advance of the investigations in cardiology field is attributed special importance to the time of occurrence of acute coronary syndromes; since it has been demonstrated through multiple studies the relationship of these events with time. Objective: To know the behavior of the circadian rhythm in acute myocardial infarction, as well as its probable relationship with diverse epidemic clinical factors, such as: age, sex, risk factors, the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy and the lethality of the event. Method: A descriptive study in 338 patients discharged from hospital with this diagnosis was conducted at the"Amalia Simoni" teaching clinical-surgical Hospital of Camagüey from January 1st 2002 and December 31st 2006. Clinical histories and protocols of necropsies constituted the source of data, for its collecting a survey model was used, after having filled in it became into the primary registry of this investigation. Results: The 43,20% of patients presented the symptoms between the 06:00 and 11.59 h, patients with antecedents of being smoking, to suffer from high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus began with the symptoms in the first hours of the morning being the night time the most frequent in patients with heart failure and previous antecedents of acute myocadial infarction. Conclusions: The most frequent time of occurrence of the symptoms was on the morning between 06:00-11:59, it were not found differences in this time behavior among both sexes and the analyzed age groups. At equal form morning hours turned out to be of greater lethality and the one of smaller effective response to the thrombolytic therapy.