Bone mineral density and body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children.

BACKGROUND: There is a possibility that excess body fat affects bone mass gain and may compromise skeletal health in obese children. The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in normal weight, overweight and obese children. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 6- to 11-year-old children who attended the hospital's outpatient clinic. They were apparently healthy and had no history of prematurity, low birth weight, or chronic diseases. Body mass index (BMI) was used to identify subjects as normal weight, overweight or obese. BMD and body composition were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD values (total and lumbar spine) were compared between normal weight, overweight and obese children. Correlation coefficients were calculated, and multivariate models were performed. RESULTS: Forty-nine children were included: 16 with normal weight, 15 that were overweight and 18 with obesity; the mean age was 8.4 ± 1.7 years. All the participants had a normal BMD (> - 2 SD). BMD was higher in obese children and had a positive correlation with total and trunk lean mass in the three study groups (p < 0.001). In obese children, an inverse correlation of lumbar spine BMD (Z score) with total and trunk fat mass (p < 0.05) was identified. In the multivariate models (with the whole group), the total lean mass was the only significant variable that explained BMD variability. CONCLUSIONS: BMD in obese children was higher than that in normal weight children, which is explained by their greater lean mass and not by excess body fat. In obese children, a higher fat mass was related to a lower lumbar spine BMD. Lean mass had a direct correlation with BMD in the three study groups and was the most important predictor of BMD, reflecting the importance of strengthening the muscular system through performing physical activity and practicing a healthy lifestyle.

Leu72Met polymorphism of GHRL gene decreases susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Mexican population.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most frequent type of diabetes. It has a multifactorial etiology, affecting millions of people worldwide. Ghrelin gene (GHRL) encodes the ghrelin peptide, which promotes food intake, induces body weight and adipogenesis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GHRL gene have been associated with metabolic diseases. A protective effect of the Leu72Met (rs696217) polymorphism has been described for T2D in some populations, but this effect seems to depend on the ethnicity of the patients studied. METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the GHRL Leu72Met (rs696217) SNP with the development of T2D and serum ghrelin levels in a Western Mexican population. We performed a case-control study in which we included 284 subjects (159 with previous T2D diagnosis and 125 control subjects (CS)). Leu72Met SNP was genotyped by using PCR-RFLPs technique. Serum ghrelin levels were measured using a commercial enzyme immunoassay. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared using Chi square test. Student T-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare quantitative variables. Odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the association between alleles or genotypes and T2D. Multiple and logistic regression models were performed for adjustment. A two-tailed p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Leu72Leu genotype was more frequent among T2D compared to CS (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age and body composition, there was a significant protective effect of the 72Met allele for T2D development (OR 0.40 IC 95% 0.23-0.70; p ≤ 0.001). Fasting serum ghrelin levels were lower in T2D than CS (p ≤ 0.0001) irrespective of age, body weight and BMI. No associations were found between genotypes and ghrelin serum levels in our population. CONCLUSIONS: The GHRL 72Met allele decreases susceptibility for T2D development in a Western Mexican population. Serum ghrelin levels are lower in T2D independently of Leu72Met polymorphism genotype.

Effect of Ursolic Acid on Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity: Role of Adipokines Expression.

Excess of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) characteristic of obesity leads to a proinflammatory state disrupting the insulin signaling pathway, triggering insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation, the main processes contributing to obesity comorbidities. Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid occurring in a variety of plant foods, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate UA effects on IR, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation in experimental diet-induced obesity. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 5). One group was used for time 0. Three groups were labeled as OBE (control): receiving high-fat diet (HFD; fat content 45.24% of energy) during 3, 6, or 9 weeks; three groups UA-PREV: exposed to simultaneous HFD and UA during 3, 6, or 9 weeks to evaluate UA preventive effects; one group UA-REV: receiving HFD for 6 weeks, followed by simultaneous HFD and UA for three additional weeks to analyze UA reversal effects. Measurements were performed after 3, 6, or 9 weeks of treatment. Adiposity was calculated by weighing VAT after sacrifice. Serum markers were quantified through colorimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. VAT adipokines RNAm expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. UA significantly decreased adiposity, IR, hyperinsulinemia, triacylglycerides, and cholesterol levels, and also VAT mRNA expression of MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), IL (interleukin)-1ß and IL-6, concomitantly increasing adiponectin levels. UA metabolic effects demonstrated in this study support its potential therapeutic utility to improve IR, hyperinsulinemia, and inflammation observed in obesity and diabetes.

Interleukine 6 and C-reactive protein predict growth impairment and acute malnutrition in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease / La interleucina 6 y la proteína C-reactiva predicen el retraso del crecimiento y la desnutrición aguda en niños y adolescentes con enfermedad renal crónica

Objective: secondary malnutrition and systemic inflammation may impair growth and body composition in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This association has been scantily studied, particularly in pre-dialytic stages. Our aim was to correlate growth and nutritional status indicators with the serum concentration of interleukine 6 (IL-6) and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with CKD. Methods: this was a prospective cross-sectional study in 29 children and adolescents aged 3-16 years with CKD, stages 3 or 4, in two third-level general hospitals. The outcome variables were height for age, body mass index, arm anthropometric indicators, plus lean mass/fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance. The independent variables were IL-6 and CRP. This study was reviewed and approved by the Health Research and Ethics Committees of both hospitals. Results: height for age, body mass index, subscapular skinfold, arm fat area, and lean mass had a significant negative correlation with IL-6. The height-for-age z-score had a negative correlation with CRP. IL-6 explained 15% to 35% of the variance in height for age and nutritional status indicators. CRP predicted 22% of height for age. One fifth of the patients had acute malnutrition, and one third were stunted. Muscle was the most affected compartment. Conclusion: IL-6 and CRP in children and adolescents with CKD in the pre-dialytic stage predicted one fifth and one third of the variance in acute and chronic malnutrition indicators. The frequency of acute malnutrition and impaired growth was considered clinically significant. Muscular mass deficit was a central component of malnutrition

Objetivo: correlacionar indicadores de crecimiento y del estado nutricional con la concentración sérica de interleucina 6 (IL-6) y proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (PCR) en niños con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Métodos: estudio transversal analítico de 29 niños y adolescentes de 3 a 16 años de edad con ERC, estadios 3 o 4, en dos hospitales generales de tercer nivel. Las variables dependientes fueron indicadores antropométricos de crecimiento y del estado nutricional y la composición corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica. Las variables independientes fueron IL-6 y PCR. Este estudio fue revisado y aprobado por los Comités de Ética y de Investigación de ambos hospitales. Resultados: la talla para la edad (T/E), el índice de masa corporal, el pliegue cutáneo subescapular, el área de grasa del brazo y la masa magra obtuvieron una correlación negativa con la IL-6. La T/E obtuvo una correlación negativa con la PCR. La IL-6 explicó el 15% y 35% de la varianza de la T/E y de los indicadores del estado nutricional. La CRP predijo el 22% de la T/E. Una quinta parte de los pacientes tenía desnutrición aguda y una tercera parte desmedro. El compartimento corporal más afectado fue el muscular. Conclusión: la IL-6 y la PCR en niños y adolescentes con ERC en etapa predialítica explicaron una quinta y una tercera parte de la varianza de los indicadores de desnutrición aguda y crónica, respectivamente. La frecuencia de la desnutrición aguda y el desmedro fueron clínicamente significativos. El déficit de masa muscular fue un componente central de la desnutrición

Interleukine 6 and C-reactive protein predict growth impairment and acute malnutrition in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: secondary malnutrition and systemic inflammation may impair growth and body composition in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This association has been scantily studied, particularly in pre-dialytic stages. Our aim was to correlate growth and nutritional status indicators with the serum concentration of interleukine 6 (IL-6) and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with CKD. Methods: this was a prospective cross-sectional study in 29 children and adolescents aged 3-16 years with CKD, stages 3 or 4, in two third-level general hospitals. The outcome variables were height for age, body mass index, arm anthropometric indicators, plus lean mass/fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance. The independent variables were IL-6 and CRP. This study was reviewed and approved by the Health Research and Ethics Committees of both hospitals. Results: height for age, body mass index, subscapular skinfold, arm fat area, and lean mass had a significant negative correlation with IL-6. The height-for-age z-score had a negative correlation with CRP. IL-6 explained 15% to 35% of the variance in height for age and nutritional status indicators. CRP predicted 22% of height for age. One fifth of the patients had acute malnutrition, and one third were stunted. Muscle was the most affected compartment. Conclusion: IL-6 and CRP in children and adolescents with CKD in the pre-dialytic stage predicted one fifth and one third of the variance in acute and chronic malnutrition indicators. The frequency of acute malnutrition and impaired growth was clinically significant. Muscular mass deficit was a central component of malnutrition.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: correlacionar indicadores de crecimiento y del estado nutricional con la concentración sérica de interleucina 6 (IL-6) y proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (PCR) en niños con ERC. Métodos: estudio transversal analítico de 29 niños y adolescentes de 3 a 16 años de edad con ERC, estadios 3 o 4, en dos hospitales generales de tercer nivel. Las variables dependientes fueron indicadores antropométricos de crecimiento y del estado nutricional y la composición corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica. Las variables independientes fueron IL-6 y PCR. Este estudio fue revisado y aprobado por los Comités de Ética y de Investigación de ambos hospitales. Resultados: la talla para la edad (T/E), el índice de masa corporal, el pliegue cutáneo subescapular, el área de grasa del brazo y la masa magra obtuvieron una correlación negativa con la IL-6. La T/E obtuvo una correlación negativa con la PCR. La IL-6 explicó el 15% y 35% de la varianza de la T/E y de los indicadores del estado nutricional. La CRP predijo el 22% de la T/E. Una quinta parte de los pacientes tenía desnutrición aguda y una tercera parte desmedro. El compartimento corporal más afectado fue el muscular. Conclusión: la IL-6 y la PCR en niños y adolescentes con ERC en etapa predialítica explicaron una quinta y una tercera parte de la varianza de los indicadores de desnutrición aguda y crónica, respectivamente. La frecuencia de la desnutrición aguda y el desmedro fueron clínicamente significativos. El déficit de masa muscular fue un componente central de la desnutrición.

Osteocalcin levels in a healthy population of western Mexico and comparison with populations from around the world. / Niveles de referencia de osteocalcina en población sana de México.

Introduction: Osteocalcin has been shown to have an inverse relationship with blood glucose, insulin resistance and adiposity. Objective: To determine osteocalcin normal serum concentration in Mexican healthy adults and compare it with values reported in other populations. Method: Carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin serum concentrations were determined in 100 healthy adults by means of enzyme immunoassay; osteocalcin total concentration was calculated. A descriptive comparison was made with other populations' values reported in the literature. Results: Carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin median concentrations were 3.22 ng/mL and 1.61 ng/mL, respectively. Mean total osteocalcin was 7.40 ± 5.11 ng/mL. There was no significant difference between the osteocalcin values in our population and those of populations where similar quantification methods to ours were used. Conclusion: Osteocalcin total serum concentration mean in the analyzed population was 7.40 ng/mL. There are subtle variations between populations that are attributable to genetic and population factors; however, the quantification method was the only variable that was shown to significantly influence on osteocalcin levels in healthy populations.

Introducción: Se ha demostrado que la osteocalcina tiene una relación inversa con la glucemia, resistencia a la insulina y adiposidad. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración sérica normal de osteocalcina en adultos sanos mexicanos y compararlos con los reportados en otras poblaciones. Método: Se determinó la concentración sérica de osteocalcina carboxilada y pobremente carboxilada en 100 adultos sanos mediante inmunoensayo enzimático; se calculó la concentración de osteocalcina total. Se hizo una comparación descriptiva con valores de otras poblaciones reportadas en la literatura. Resultados: Las medianas de las concentraciones de osteocalcina carboxilada y pobremente carboxilada fueron 3.22 ng/mL y 1.61 ng/mL, respectivamente; la media de osteocalcina total fue 7.40 ± 5.11 ng/mL. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los valores de osteocalcina total en nuestra población y los de poblaciones en las que se utilizaron métodos de cuantificación similares al nuestro. Conclusión: La concentración sérica promedio de osteocalcina total en la población analizada fue de 7.40 ng/mL. Las variaciones sutiles entre poblaciones son atribuibles a factores genéticos y poblacionales, sin embargo, el método de cuantificación fue el único que se comprobó influye significativamente en los niveles de osteocalcina en poblaciones sanas.

Respuesta al comentario a nuestro artículo titulado: «Asociación del síndrome metabólico con bajo peso al nacimiento, consumo de dietas hipercalóricas y acantosis nigricans en escolares y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad» / Reply to the comment to our article titled: «Association of metabolic syndrome with low birth weight of birth, intake hypercaloric diets and acanthosis nigricans in childhood and teens with overweight and obesity»

No disponible

Association of metabolic syndrome with low birth weight, intake of high-calorie diets and acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. / Asociación del síndrome metabólico con bajo peso al nacimiento, consumo de dietas hipercalóricas y acantosis nigricans en escolares y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad.

OBJECTIVE: The theory of fetal programming suggests that low birth weight (LBW) predisposes to greater food intake and increases the chance of overweight and obesity, which are in turn associated to conditions such as metabolic syndrome (MS) and acanthosis nigricans. The study objective was to ascertain whether an association exists between MS, LBW, intake of high-calorie diets, and acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control was conducted on 100 children who attended the overweight and obesity outpatient clinic of the OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde". Subjects were stratified in groups with and without MS based on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation for children aged less than 16 years. Data on LBW, intake of high-calorie diets for 24-hour dietary recalls (average 2 days a week), and acanthosis nigricans (Simone criteria) were obtained by questioning the parents. Frequencies and logistic regression were calculated using SPSS version 22. RESULTS: The results show that 82% of children and adolescents were obese and 18% overweight, and 73% had MS. MS was associated to LBW (OR: 4.83 [95% CI: 1.9-12.47]), high-calorie diets (OR:136.8 [95% CI: 7.7-2434]), and acanthosis nigricans (OR: 1872 [95% CI: 112.9-31028]). CONCLUSIONS: In children and adolescents with overweight and obesity, LBW, high-calorie diets, and acanthosis nigricans are associated to a higher probability of MS.

Asociación del síndrome metabólico con bajo peso al nacimiento, consumo de dietas hipercalóricas y acantosis nigricans en escolares y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad / Association of metabolic syndrome with low birth weight, intake of high-calorie diets and acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity

Objetivo: La teoría de la programación fetal sostiene que el bajo peso al nacimiento (BPN) predispone a mayor ingesta alimentaria e incrementa las probabilidades de sobrepeso y obesidad, y estas a su vez de alteraciones como síndrome metabólico (SM) y acantosis nigricans. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar la existencia de asociación entre el SM, el BPN, el consumo de dieta hipercalórica y la acantosis nigricans, en escolares y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y control en 100 menores que acudían a la consulta de sobrepeso y obesidad del OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, «Fray Antonio Alcalde»; se categorizaron con y sin SM con los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes para menores de 16 años. Se obtuvo por interrogatorio a los padres y menores, el BPN, el consumo de dietas hipercalóricas (promedio de 2 días/semana del recordatorio de 24h) y la acantosis nigricans (criterios de Simone). Las frecuencias y la regresión logística se calcularon con SPSS versión 22. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que el 82% de los menores presentaron obesidad, el 18% sobrepeso y el 73% SM. El SM se asoció con BPN (OR: 4,83 [IC 95%: 1,9-12,47]), dieta hipercalórica (OR: 136,8 [IC 95%: 7,7-2434]) y acantosis nigricans (OR: 1872 [IC 95%: 112,9-31028]). Conclusiones: En escolares y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad se encontró que el BPN, la dieta hipercalórica y la acantosis nigricans representan mayor probabilidad de SM (AU)

Objective: The theory of fetal programming suggests that low birth weight (LBW) predisposes to greater food intake and increases the chance of overweight and obesity, which are in turn associated to conditions such as metabolic syndrome (MS) and acanthosis nigricans. The study objective was to ascertain whether an association exists between MS, LBW, intake of high-calorie diets, and acanthosis nigricans in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Material and methods: A case-control was conducted on 100 children who attended the overweight and obesity outpatient clinic of the OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara 'Fray Antonio Alcalde'. Subjects were stratified in groups with and without MS based on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation for children aged less than 16 years. Data on LBW, intake of high-calorie diets for 24-hour dietary recalls (average 2 days a week), and acanthosis nigricans (Simone criteria) were obtained by questioning the parents. Frequencies and logistic regression were calculated using SPSS version 22. Results: The results show that 82% of children and adolescents were obese and 18% overweight, and 73% had MS. MS was associated to LBW (OR: 4.83 [95% CI: 1.9-12.47]), high-calorie diets (OR:136.8 [95% CI: 7.7-2434]), and acanthosis nigricans (OR: 1872 [95% CI: 112.9-31028]). Conclusions: In children and adolescents with overweight and obesity, LBW, high-calorie diets, and acanthosis nigricans are associated to a higher probability of MS (AU)

Vitamin-D receptor gene polymorphisms (TaqI and ApaI) and circulating osteocalcin in type 2 diabetic patients and healthy subjects.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is encoded by the VDR gene. Several studies have supported that this gene is associated with diabetes. Heterodimer VDR/RXR functions as an enhancer of the BGLAP gene and increases the basal transcription rate of osteocalcin (OC) during osteoblast differentiation. OC is a regulator of glucose metabolism in mice. Moreover, OC level is decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although inversely correlated with serum glucose insulin and glycated haemoglobin, it is unclear whether OC reduction is caused by diabetes or plays a role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of the disease. In this study we analysed the association between TaqI and ApaI VDR gene polymorphisms and OC serum concentration in T2D subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients underwent clinical and nutritional assessment. Genomic DNA was extracted from leucocytes using a standard salting-out procedure. The polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. ELISA was used to measure OC and insulin concentrations. RESULTS: Association between TT genotype of TaqI polymorphism and low levels of OC was observed only in the population with overweight and obesity. No association between TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms and T2D was observed (p > 0.05). Furthermore, in T2D subjects, no correlation between ApaI and TaqI genotypes and age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), glucose, or OC was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The TT genotype of TaqI VDR gene polymorphism was correlated with low levels of OC in overweight and obese subjects. However, TaqI and ApaI VDR gene polymorphisms were not associated with T2D.

[Associated factors to the calcium intake in mexican pregnant adolescents]. / Factores asociados al consumo de calcio en adolescentes Mexicanas embarazadas.

OBJECTIVE: To explore food habits, demographic and socioeconomic factors associated to calcium intake of pregnant adolescents. METHODS: In a cross sectional study 321 participants of 13 to 19 years old attending to the division of gynecology- obstetrics of the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara were included. All participants were healthy, in any moment of pregnancy and belonging to the low and middle-low socioeconomic status. The calcium intake was obtained through a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. Demographic and socioeconomic data were also included. A chi square test, an odds ratio (95% CI) and a regression logistic model for the identification of the epidemiologic meaning of the associated variables to the calcium intake were obtained. RESULTS: Sixty one percent of adolescents consumed less that 80% of the diary recommended intake of calcium. The domestic labor occupation of adolescents [OR 2.66 (1.28-5.53)], low milk [OR 2.54 (1.37-4.0)] and dairy intake [OR 2.75 (1.09-7.0)], excess of carbonated beverages consumption [OR 1.84 (1.04-3.28)] and low literacy of mothers [OR 1.83 (1.15-2.90)] were the most epidemiological meaning factors associated to deficient calcium intake. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the calcium intake was deficient in the majority of pregnant adolescents and that there are some risk factors that must be identified and attended. Likewise, it is necessary to evaluate the nutritional status of calcium in this especial group with more precise and specific methods.

Objetivo: Explorar los hábitos de alimentación y los factores socioeconómicos y demográficos que se asocian al consumo de calcio en adolescentes embarazadas. Métodos: En un estudio transversal analítico se incluyeron 321 participantes de 13 a 19 años de edad que acudieron a la consulta externa de la división de Gineco-obstetricia del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca". Todas eran sanas, en cualquier trimestre del embarazo y pertenecían a los estratos socioeconómicos bajo y medio-bajo. Se realizaron encuestas dietéticas de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas para identificar la ingestión de calcio. Se incluyeron datos socio-demográficos, económicos y hábitos de alimentación. Se utilizó la prueba de ji cuadrada, razón de momios y un modelo de regresión logística para identificar el significado epidemiológico de las variables asociadas con el consumo de calcio. Resultados: La ingestión de calcio en 61% de las adolescentes cubrió menos de 80% de la ingestión diaria recomendada. La ocupación de la adolescente en labores domésticas [OR 2.66 (1.28-5.53)], el bajo consumo de leche [OR 2.54 (1.37-4.0)] y derivados [OR 2.75 (1.09-7.0)], el exceso en el consumo de refresco de cola [OR 1.84 (1.04-3.28)] y la baja escolaridad de la madre [OR 1.83 (1.15-2.90)] fueron los factores con mayor significado epidemiológico en el consumo inadecuado de calcio. Conclusión: La ingestión de calcio es deficiente en la mayoría de las adolescentes embarazadas y existen factores de riesgo que deben ser identificados y atendidos. Asimismo, por sus condiciones de riesgo, es necesario evaluar el estado nutricio de calcio con métodos más precisos y específicos.

Factores asociados al consumo de calcio en adolescentes mexicanas embarazadas / Associated factors to the calcium intake in Mexican pregnant adolescents

Objetivo: Explorar los hábitos de alimentación y los factores socioeconómicos y demográficos que se asocian al consumo de calcio en adolescentes embarazadas Métodos: En un estudio transversal analítico se incluyeron 321 participantes de 13 a 19 años de edad que acudieron a la consulta externa de la división de Gineco-obstetricia del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca". Todas eran sanas, en cualquier trimestre del embarazo y pertenecían a los estratos socioeconómicos bajo y medio-bajo. Se realizaron encuestas dietéticas de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y recordatorio de 24 horas para identificar la ingestión de calcio. Se incluyeron datos socio-demográficos, económicos y hábitos de alimentación. Se utilizó la prueba de ji cuadrada, razón de momios y un modelo de regresión logística para identificar el significado epidemiológico de las variables asociadas con el consumo de calcio. Resultados: La ingestión de calcio en 61% de las adolescentes cubrió menos de 80% de la ingestión diaria recomendada. La ocupación de la adolescente en labores domésticas [OR 2.66 (1.28-5.53)], el bajo consumo de leche [OR 2.54 (1.37-4.0)] y derivados [OR 2.75 (1.09-7.0)], el exceso en el consumo de refresco de cola [OR 1.84 (1.04-3.28)] y la baja escolaridad de la madre [OR 1.83 (1.15-2.90)] fueron los factores con mayor significado epidemiológico en el consumo inadecuado de calcio. Conclusión: La ingestión de calcio es deficiente en la mayoría de las adolescentes embarazadas y existen factores de riesgo que deben ser identificados y atendidos. Asimismo, por sus condiciones de riesgo, es necesario evaluar el estado nutricio de calcio con métodos más precisos y específicos (AU)

Objective: To explore food habits, demographic and socioeconomic factors associated to calcium intake of pregnant adolescents. Methods: In a cross sectional study 321 participants of 13 to 19 years old attending to the division of gynecology-obstetrics of the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara were included. All participants were healthy, in any moment of pregnancy and belonging to the low and middle-low socioeconomic status. The calcium intake was obtained through a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. Demographic and socioeconomic data were also included. A chi square test, an odds ratio (95% CI) and a regression logistic model for the identification of the epidemiologic meaning of the associated variables to the calcium intake were obtained. Results: Sixty one percent of adolescents consumed less that 80% of the diary recommended intake of calcium. The domestic labor occupation of adolescents [OR 2.66 (1.28-5.53)], low milk [OR 2.54 (1.37-4.0)] and dairy intake [OR 2.75 (1.09-7.0)], excess of carbonated beverages consumption [OR 1.84 (1.04-3.28)] and low literacy of mothers [OR 1.83 (1.15-2.90)] were the most epidemiological meaning factors associated to deficient calcium intake. Conclusion: The results suggest that the calcium intake was deficient in the majority of pregnant adolescents and that there are some risk factors that must be identified and attended. Likewise, it is necessary to evaluate the nutritional status of calcium in this especial group with more precise and specific methods (AU)

A cut-point value of uncarboxylated to carboxylated index is associated with glycemic status markers in type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) has been described as a regulator of glucose metabolism in mice, and it is decreased in human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Although inversely correlated with serum glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin, it is unclear if ucOC decrement is caused by diabetes or plays a role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of the disease. Whatever the case may be, diabetes affects osteoblast gene expression, and possibly the proportion of ucOC over carboxylated OC (cOC). The association of ucOC/cOC index with glycemic status markers in patients with T2D has not been described before. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the ucOC/cOC index and its relationship with glycemic status markers in patients with T2D. METHODS: The ucOC/cOC index was determined by the quotient of ucOC and cOC serum levels in 80 T2D patients and 160 healthy subjects. The relationship between the ucOC/cOC index and glycemic status markers was evaluated. RESULTS: The ucOC/cOC index was low and negatively correlated to fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis assessment-insulin resistance model in T2D patients. The odds ratio for T2D patients with an ucOC/cOC index below the cut-point obtained by receiver operating characteristic analysis was 12.64 (confidence interval, 5.75-27.77; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A value of ucOC/cOC index less than 0.3 is associated with markers of poor metabolic control in patients with T2D.

Establishment of a cut-point value of serum TNF-alpha levels in the metabolic syndrome.

Cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes are the major causes of mortality in Mexico. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of factors that increase the risk to develop such diseases. Previous studies have shown that MS is associated with high tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) levels. In fact, TNF-alpha has been proposed to be a useful marker for clinical diagnosis of inflammation at an early stage. Therefore, we analyzed TNF-alpha concentrations in Mexican individuals with or without MS and related these levels to the associated MS components. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical data were analyzed in 41 healthy and 39 MS individuals. Individuals were similarly grouped by age and gender.The serum TNF-alpha levels measured by a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit were increased significantly in MS subjects compared with healthy individuals (P<0.001). The assay showed 78.1% sensitivity and 61.5% specificity with a cut-point level of 1.36 pg/mL. TNF-alpha levels higher than the cut-point value were correlated with insulin resistance indices. These findings support the hypothesis that serum TNF-alpha concentration could be a useful marker for early MS diagnosis. Nevertheless, we suggest the establishment of specific cut-point values in each studied population to evaluate potential clinical applications.