ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study characterized the locomotor, heart rate and metabolic power characteristics of women's rugby sevens matches. 4 Canadian teams were monitored during the USA Rugby Sevens event using global positioning system technology with players classified as International (n=16) or Developmental (n=13). Dependent variables were compared between these 2 groups using an ANOVA with duration played as a covariate. International players covered greater distances (1 468±88 m) than Developmental (1 252±135 m); mostly from more high-intensity (224±55 m vs. 131±44 m) and sprint distances (128±67 m vs. 57±44 m). International players also had more distance in high (264±36 m vs. 210±54 m), elevated (118±17 m vs. 76±20 m) and maximal (69±17 m vs. 30 ± 15 m) metabolic power categories. Time in various heart rate zones was similar between standards; however peak (187±6 bpm vs. 194±5 bpm) and mean (172±7 bpm vs. 180±9 bpm) heart rate values were lower for International players. International players had greater fitness scores (YoYo IRT1-1 160±191 m vs. 781±129 m) and maximal sprint speed (27.3±0.7 vs. 26.0±1.5 km·h(-1)). The current findings highlight developmental gaps in match demands between standards and show that field-based fitness tests discriminate among levels of play. The external and internal loads should be used by sport organizations to assist in forming appropriate training plans and utilize the performance tests to help monitor player development.
Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism , Heart Rate , Running/physiology , Soccer/physiology , Athletic Performance/physiology , Canada , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Geographic Information Systems , Humans , Motor Skills/physiology , Time and Motion StudiesABSTRACT
Endophenotypes or intermediate phenotypes are of great interest in neuropsychiatric genetics because of their potential for facilitating gene discovery. We evaluated response inhibition, latency and variability measures derived from the stop task as endophenotypes of ADHD by testing whether they were related to ADHD traits in the general population, heritable and shared genetic risk with ADHD traits. Participants were 16,099 children and adolescents, ages 6 to 18 years who visited a local science center. We measured ADHD traits using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and Normal-Behavior (SWAN) rating scale and performance on the stop signal task (SST)-response inhibition (SSRT), response latency (GoRT), and response variability (GoRTSD). Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of cognitive measures and ADHD traits while controlling for family, age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and treatment status. Heritability of ADHD and cognitive traits was estimated using SOLAR in 7,483 siblings from 3,507 families that included multiple siblings. Bivariate relationships between pairs of variables were examined. Individuals with greater ADHD trait scores had worse response inhibition, slower response latency, and greater variability. Younger participants and girls had inferior performance although the gender effects were minimal and evident in youngest participants. Inhibition, latency, variability, total ADHD traits, inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity scores were significantly heritable. ADHD traits and inhibition, but not latency or variability were coheritable. In the largest study in the general population, we found support for the validity of response inhibition as an endophenotype of ADHD.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Inhibition, Psychological , Psychomotor Performance , Adolescent , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Child , Endophenotypes , Female , Humans , Male , Reaction Time , Regression AnalysisABSTRACT
The benefits offered by a feasibility study are considerable. Not only does it enable an organization to set a realistic campaign goal, but it can also help with the more inexact science of assessing the fund-raising climate.
Subject(s)
Feasibility Studies , Fund Raising/organization & administration , Organizational Objectives , Organizations, Nonprofit/economics , Decision Making, Organizational , United StatesABSTRACT
There is a growing demand to secure private sector funding. Consequently, non-profit organizations in other countries need to create professional programs to support their philanthropic needs.
Subject(s)
Consultants , Fund Raising/organization & administration , International Cooperation , Asia , Computer Communication Networks , Europe , Organizations, Nonprofit , South America , United StatesSubject(s)
Fund Raising , Health Care Reform , Hospitals, Voluntary/economics , Public Relations , United StatesABSTRACT
Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory for 23 alcoholic women (22 white and one Hispanic) who had been molested as children and 20 alcoholic women (17 white and 3 black) who had no memory of being molested as a child were compared. Significant differences showed the abused group scored significantly higher on the depression scale than the nonabused group. No significant difference was found on age at which the 2 groups began drinking regularly. The implications of these results are discussed.