ABSTRACT
No licensed vaccines are available to protect against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a significant health risk for infants. In search of a safe vaccine, we used an alphavirus-based chimeric vector, consisting of Sindbis virus (SIN) structural proteins and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA, expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein (VEE/SIN-HN). We compared different routes of intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or combined i.n. and i.m. immunizations with VEE/SIN-HN in hamsters. Six months after the final immunization, all hamsters were protected against live PIV3 i.n. challenge in nasal turbinates and lungs. This protection appeared to correlate with antibodies in serum, nasal turbinates and lungs. This is the first report demonstrating mucosal protection against PIV3 for an extended time following immunizations with an RNA replicon delivery system.
Subject(s)
Alphavirus/immunology , Mucous Membrane/immunology , Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology , RNA, Viral/immunology , Replicon/immunology , Administration, Intranasal , Alphavirus/genetics , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Cricetinae , Disease Models, Animal , Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology , Humans , Immunization , Injections, Intramuscular , Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/growth & development , RNA, Viral/genetics , Replicon/genetics , Sindbis Virus/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunologyABSTRACT
: Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide, consisting of a mixture of two isomers: alpha and beta endosulfan. Endosulfan residues were determined in livers and gills of carp exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of endosulfan. The fish which were exposed to a lethal concentration contained the highest residue level in both liver and gills. In carp liver, the percentage of beta endosulfan in the residue decreased with time between exposure and collection of samples whereas the percentage of endosulfan sulphate increased. Carp killed by exposure to endosulfan had a significantly greater ratio of beta to alpha endosulfan and a significantly greater percentage of beta endosulfan in their livers. There was no such clear relationship for the residue composition in fish gills. The determination of residue composition, in particular the percentage of beta endosulfan or the ratio of beta to alpha isomers is recommended in investigations of fish kills when endosulfan is a suspected cause.
