ABSTRACT
While G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to be excellent drug targets, the second largest family of adhesion-GPCRs is less explored for their role in health and disease. ADGRF1 (GPR110) is an adhesion-GPCR and has an important function in neurodevelopment and cancer. Despite serving as a poor predictor of survival, ADGRF1's coupling to G proteins and downstream pathways remain unknown in cancer. We evaluated the effects of ADGRF1 overexpression on tumorigenesis and signaling pathways using two human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) cell-line models. We also interrogated publicly available clinical datasets to determine the expression of ADGRF1 in various BC subtypes and its impact on BC-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) in patients. ADGRF1 overexpression in HER2+ BC cells increased secondary mammosphere formation, soft agar colony formation, and % of Aldefluor-positive tumorigenic population in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo. ADGRF1 co-immunoprecipitated with both Gαs and Gαq proteins and increased cAMP and IP1 when overexpressed. However, inhibition of only the Gαs pathway by SQ22536 reversed the pro-tumorigenic effects of ADGRF1 overexpression. RNA-sequencing and RPPA analysis revealed inhibition of cell cycle pathways with ADGRF1 overexpression, suggesting cellular quiescence, as also evidenced by cell cycle arrest at the G0/1 phase and resistance to chemotherapy in HER2+ BC. ADGRF1 was significantly overexpressed in the HER2-enriched BC compared to luminal A and B subtypes and predicted worse BCSS and OS in these patients. Therefore, ADGRF1 represents a novel drug target in HER2+ BC, warranting discovery of novel ADGRF1 antagonists.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Oncogene Proteins/genetics , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , Animals , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Carcinogenesis/genetics , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Female , G1 Phase/genetics , Humans , Mice , Mice, Nude , Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics , Signal Transduction/geneticsABSTRACT
TRAF6, a crucial adaptor molecule in innate and adaptive immunity, contains three distinct functional domains. The C-terminal TRAF domain facilitates oligomerization and sequence-specific interaction with receptors or other adaptor proteins. In conjunction with the dimeric E2 enzyme Ubc13-Uev1A, the N-terminal RING domain of TRAF6 functions as an E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase that facilitates its own site-specific ubiquitination through the generation of a Lys-63-linked poly-Ub chain. This modification does not cause its proteasomal degradation but rather serves as a scaffold to activate both the IKK and stress kinase pathways. Connecting the N-and C-terminal regions, the four internal zinc finger (ZF) motifs have yet to be functionally defined. In this study, we examined the role of the ZF domains in interleukin-1, lipopolysaccharide, and RANKL signaling by reconstitution of TRAF6-deficient cells with point mutations or deletions of these ZF motifs. Although ZF domains 2-4 are dispensable for activating IKK, p38, and JNK by interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide, the first ZF domain together with an intact RING domain of TRAF6 is essential for activating these pathways. Furthermore, TRAF6 autoubiquitination and its interaction with Ubc13 are dependent on ZF1 and an intact RING domain. Additionally, expression of TRAF6 lacking ZF2-4 in TRAF6-deficient monocytes rescues RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation and LPS-stimulated interleukin-6 production. These data provide evidence for the critical role of the Ub ligase activity of TRAF6, which is coordinated via the RING domain and ZF1 to supply the necessary elements in signaling by cytokines dependent upon TRAF6.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-1/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , RANK Ligand/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/metabolism , Animals , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cell Line , Humans , I-kappa B Kinase/genetics , I-kappa B Kinase/metabolism , Immunity, Innate/physiology , Interleukin-1/genetics , Interleukin-1/metabolism , Interleukin-6/genetics , Interleukin-6/metabolism , MAP Kinase Kinase 4/genetics , MAP Kinase Kinase 4/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Monocytes/cytology , Monocytes/metabolism , Osteoclasts/cytology , Osteoclasts/metabolism , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism , Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology , RANK Ligand/genetics , Signal Transduction/drug effects , TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/genetics , Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/metabolism , Ubiquitination/drug effects , Ubiquitination/physiology , Zinc Fingers/physiology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), the crucial adaptor molecule of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK), plays an essential role in governing the formation of multi-nucleated osteoclasts. TRAF6 is a RING-dependent ubiquitin (Ub) ligase that in conjunction with Ubc13/Uev1A catalyzes its own auto-ubiquitination via Lys63-linked poly-Ub chains. While the receptor-adaptor function of TRAF6 in RANK signaling is well understood, the significance of its Ub ligase activity in this process remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that retroviral expression of TRAF6, but not a RING mutant of TRAF6 was able to rescue TRAF6-deficient monocytes for the activation of IKK and osteoclast differentiation by RANKL. Furthermore, a catalytically inactive Ubc13 or stable knockdown of Ubc13 significantly prevents RANK-mediated TRAF6 ubiquitination and NF-kappaB and JNK activation. These data establish a signaling cascade in which regulated Lys63-linked TRAF6 auto-ubiquitination is the critical upstream mediator of osteoclast differentiation.