ABSTRACT
There is wide interest in developing efficient, robust and low-cost electrode materials for the electrolysis of water to produce clean hydrogen fuel. It is especially important to improve the performance and durability of electrocatalysts for the OER. Here we have shown that the transformation of nanoparticle (n-NNP) and crystalline (c-NNP) forms of mixed phosphate Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 in highly alkaline solutions occurs along various routes and provokes the generation of 2D Ni(OH)2 nanosheets or stable core(phosphate)-shell(Ni(OH)2) particles, respectively. In both cases, in the carbon matrix (through chemical and electrochemical conversion of phosphate in situ during electrolysis in a 6 M KOH or NaOH solution) stable OER electrocatalysts with low overpotentials of 250-290 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 were obtained. The best candidate for the OER process is core-shell particles, which maintain overpotentials of around 250 mV in 6 M KOH for more than 3 days. The activity enhancement can be attributed to the formation of abundant NiOOH nanoparticles on the shell surface due to improved lattice matching. This report discusses future prospects for the creation of core-shell particles to reduce the overpotential of durable electrocatalysts for the OER.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In recent years, in world literature appeared research, which focuses on the study of relationships craniotypes with odonto-metric indicators, size, shape of the dental arches and occlusion. However, most of the experts focus on the study of individual features of the structure of the teeth-jaw system in people with different types of faces and aspects of sexual dimorphism and ethnic characteristics. Studies containing information about cranio-typological variability of the roots of teeth we did not encounter. The aim is to reveal features length of roots of incisors and canines of the upper and lower jaw, according to the CT scan in boys and girls of different craniotypes with physiological bite, residents Podilskiy region of Ukraine. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved young men with orthognathic bite and their cephalometric performance taken from database from Scientific and Research Center Vinnitsa National Medical University named after Pirogov. To make CT used dental cone beam CT scan - Veraviewepocs 3D, Morita. In the upper and lower incisors and canines were measured vestibular-oral and mesio-distal projection length of the root. The height (length) of the root was measured in the medial (or distal) norm, focusing on border basics crowns (root) and the apex of the tooth root. Established the following distribution craniotype: mesocephalic boys - 16, boys brachycephalic - 19, mesocephalic girls - 16, brachycephalic girls- 26. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the statistical software package licensed "Statistica 6,0" using non-parametric estimation methods. RESULTS: The peculiarities computed tomographic characteristics of root length incisors and canines of the upper and lower jaws in boys and girls Podilskiy region of Ukraine with different craniotypes and physiological bite have been set. In boys or girls mesocephals majority values of vestibular-oral and mesio-distal projection length of the teeth root, medial and lateral incisors in the upper and lower jaws significantly higher compared to studied similar gender brachycephals. Most values vestibular-oral and mesiodistal projection length of the teeth root, medial and lateral incisors in the upper and lower jaws in boys of total group and brachycephals significantly higher compared with girls of similar comparison groups. In boys mesocephals only value of vestibular-oral projection length of teeth root on the lower jaw was significantly higher compared with girls of the same craniotype. CONCLUSIONS: In mesocephalic boys or girls majority values of vestibular-oral and mesio-distal length projection of the root teeth, medial and lateral incisors on the upper and lower jaws significantly higher compared to similar brachycephalic genders studied.
Subject(s)
Cuspid/anatomy & histology , Incisor/anatomy & histology , Tooth Root/anatomy & histology , Child , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Cuspid/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Incisor/diagnostic imaging , Male , Organ Size , Tooth Root/diagnostic imaging , UkraineABSTRACT
MOTIVATION: Molecular biotechnology now makes it possible to build elaborate systems models, but the systems biology community needs information standards if models are to be shared, evaluated and developed cooperatively. RESULTS: We summarize the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Level 1, a free, open, XML-based format for representing biochemical reaction networks. SBML is a software-independent language for describing models common to research in many areas of computational biology, including cell signaling pathways, metabolic pathways, gene regulation, and others. AVAILABILITY: The specification of SBML Level 1 is freely available from http://www.sbml.org/
